Ocr OBER 1, 1:06 
THE AUSTRALIAN GARDENER. 9 
'ntestines The pigs die if not treated. 
0 secure the best results, affected hogs 
Should receive individual treatment 
Twenty-four hours before administering 
treatment very little food should be given 
them Then give the following medicine, 
as a drench, to each 100 lb hog; large or 
Smaller hogs should receive a dose in pro- 
portion : Oil of turpentine, four drams; 
liquor ferri dialysatus, cne half dram; 
Taw linseed oil, six ounces If necessary 
repeat the dose in four days After worms 
ave been removed, give ‘a tonic to put 
the pigs in condition ~ 
Interesting Items 
The judges in dairy cow competitions 
should be guided largely by milk tests, 
Which should always constitute a feature 
of such competitions. 
There is no surer way to produce 
Scrubbers in the dairy herd than to mix 
breeds, and so get antagonistic forces and 
purposes into close contact. 
Good saleable cheese should be firm in 
body throughout, should have a flinty 
teak, and should be rich and meaty to 
the taste, with a clean, sharp and nutty 
flavor. 
An attack of mammitis or sore udder 
can often be avoided by milking those 
Cows that have heavily congested udders 
two or three times before calving. 
Tf a state of nature in-breeding is in- 
®vitable, the females breeding to their 
Sire as long as he is vigorous enough to 
Maintain the supremacy in his particular 
arem. 
Do not discard the heifer after her first 
Calf if she does not come up to expecta- 
tions; try her another year, and then if 
she fails turn her over to the butcher. 
tis a mistake to wash milk tins with 
ot water first—it only coagulates the 
albumen of the milk, causing it to stick 
More firmly to the sides of the vessel, 
Inse first with cold water, then scald. 
dn the souring-of milk the lactic acid 
acteria first act upon the milk sugar, 
transforming it into lactic acid, which in 
turn causes a precipitation of the casein, 
otherwise curdling. ; 
nless each milking is weighed and 
©Ccasional tests made, it cannot be known 
Whether a cow is profitable to retain in 
© herd or not. 
1 In Norway there were, as far back as 
1894, seven dairy schools and two cheese 
Schools supported by public funds, 
~ Oor cows and good dairymen are in- 
Compatible ; they never exist together. 
F. G. Lillingston 
| Electrical Engineer 
. “An 
ae. _ Contractor 
Importer and Electroplater 
socceceoe 
122 GRENFELL STREET (near 
Arcade), Adelaide. 
Sheepbreedin g, 
Mr. A. E. Mansell, perhaps the most 
successful breeder and exhibitor of sheep 
in the United Kingdom, whose name is 
well known to all Shropshire sheepowners, 
recently read a paper before the Farmers’ 
Club (London), from which we make the 
following extracts :— 
Starting with the remark that his ob- 
ject would be to “endeavour to help 
the beginner by trying to point out and 
concentrate that which is indispensable 
to success,” Mr. Mansell continued :— 
Tt has been said shat the sire is half the 
flock, and if the art of breeding could be 
contined to one sentence, it would be said, 
Get to know a good sire, and whenever 
you think you have come across one, buy 
him if possible, even if you are not in 
want of one at the time, for you may 
depend that before long you will find him 
useful. Don’t think the matter is made 
easy by putting the essential in a single 
sentence. ‘The man who can select a 
good sive, or a good yonng animal, is 
master of the art of breeding. If anyone 
has the insight to detect a sire, he is a 
real julye, anl you my trast him to 
select his females aud mate them, and 
ever ything else that appertains to breed- 
ing. Howis the insight to be acquired ? 
With some it is a natural gift, but even- 
when this is the case, it requires long 
and careful experience before you get to 
know the essential points of a sire. The 
longer you breed the more you find you 
have to learn, for breeding isa series of 
experiments to the very end. The learn- 
ing of the points of an animal, however, 
is not the first Jesson to be taken in 
hand. — : 
The first step is to distinguish. Go 
amongst your sheep and lambs and learn 
to tell one from the other; not by a 
number or a mark, but by the counien- 
ance and general appearance. Unless a 
man can see’a difference at a glance, I 
would not trust him to buy a sire for me. 
I don’t say that no one is fit to judge in 
ashowyard who has not gone through 
this part af his education, because a man 
may have acquired a knowledge of all 
points with the greatest care, and be able 
to adjudicate satisfactorily, and to breed 
with a large amount of success, but to go 
beyond this, and have the genius for 
breeding, he must have learned to dis- 
tinguish, as it were, by instinct. 
« Some gentlemen, and especially our 
American friends, believe in judging by 
points. This may do fairly well in the 
showyard, but few English breeders would 
care to adopt the system, and to select a 
sire in this way is altogetner out of the 
question—There are so many points 
which appear insignificant in themselves 
which indicate the worth of an animal 
that cannot be dealt with by points. No 
one can estimate the difference in charac- 
ter by this method, and it is character 
that denotes the sire toa very great ex 
tent, if he will bear examination and his 
breeding satisfies you, It must not be 
thought that sufficient importance is not 
placed upon the dam, but the sire is 
singled out as of all importance, because 
you are constantly wanting fresh ones, 
and the value of the ewes you breed to 
put into the flock will depend on the sires 
you have used, whereas, in regard to the 
ewes, after the flock is once established, 
breeders, for the most part, keep up the 
required number by annually adding 
their best yearling ewes.” 
Mr. Mansell’s experience has led him 
to think that the secret of success is to be 
always searching for sires. If you can 
select a sire even fairly well everything 
eise is comparatively easy. There is no 
one, however, who appreciates the dam 
more highly than he does, and he would 
urge the beginner to be most careful in 
buying his females in the first place, 
Have the breeding right—that is, have 
them from a flock that has been carefully 
bred for a very long time, otherwise you 
will be deceived in the end. Of course, 
a recently-formed flock may comply with. 
the above requisite if it has been started 
from good old blood and kept up to tho 
same standard of excellence. When you 
have ewes, learn to know them individu- 
ally. You will soon find out your best 
breeders, and you will see this superiority 
follow in succeeding generations. 
All this is the interesting part of breed- 
ing, and breeding becomes fascinating if 
you really enter into it, especially seeing 
and trying to forcast how the youngsters 
will grow up. Buying asire is always an 
experiment, and to the breeder who has 
his heart in his work a most interesting 
one. However keen a judge he may be, 
he will sometimes be disappointed and 
deceived in his sires, but, on the other 
hand, he will sometimes drop upon one 
that will exceed his expectations, and will 
more than compensate him, and when he 
does, he should make the most of that 
sire, keep plenty of ewes and get his blood 
right through the flock. There are some 
others whose stock is always unsatisfac- 
tory, however good the ewes are with 
which they are mated. It is well, unless 
you feel great confidence in a sire with re- 
gard to his breeding and in other respects, 
to only use him to a limited extent the 
first season. It is hardly possible of 
belief that you can forecast how two 
animals will mate as surely as some 
people imagine, but when you have once 
tried a sire, note which ewes he suits, 
follow them up, and also ewes of thesame 
breeding. The animals that suit each 
other best will often surprise you; the 
only sure rule is that you cannot mate 
bad, and especially badly-bred animals, 
with good results, iguns : 
Six things are named to be kept in 
view as essential. They are:—(1) éon. 
stitution ; (2) form ; (3) flesh; (4) wool; 
(5) character; (6) management. These 
things may appear simple and easy, but 
anyone is a marvel of practicability who 
