February 2 1907 
spray, and tho fruit does not require 
cleaning after picking. In spraying with 
arsenite of lead, the spray should be 
misted finely on to the trees; the liquid 
should not run down the limbs and trunk 
It isa mistaken idea that the running 
Spray will kill any grubs that may be 
hiding in the crevices of the tree. The 
arsenite of lead spray does not kill by 
contact ; its effect is to poison the grub 
that eats it. This spray also keeps down 
the pear-slug pest. 
Tn the season of 1904-6 Inspectors 
- Cock and Pilloud conducted a small ex- 
periment at Dunolly with the three arse- 
hical s prays, viz., Paris green, arsenite of 
lime, a nd arsenite of lead. The rows of 
trees w ere selected, which was as follows, 
Speaks for itself:—Paris green, 75 per 
cent: arsnite of lime, 82 per cent: 
arsenite of elead, 90 per cent. of perfectly 
clean fruit. 
Some growers, in districts where Black 
Spot is prevalent, add 1 Ib of bluestone 
to every 50 gafll ns of this spray. Messrs 
J. Clarson, on Lockwood, and J. Har- 
greaves, of Emu Creek, used this combi- 
nation last seaso with excellent results. 
The latter growe estimates that, by the 
use of the arsenit of lead spray, he last 
Season , obtained 98 per cent of fruit, 
perfectly free from Codlin Moth. Mr. 
Hargreaves sprayed fourteen times, and 
many of his apple trees, loaded with fruit 
Were absolutely withont an infected apple 
Messrs T. Somerville (Strathfieldsaye) 
H. Keck (Bendigo), H. Windsor (Morang) 
H. Winkelmann (Campbell’s Creek), and 
J. Douglas H. McLean and J. Hellas, of — 
arcourt, as well as many others all used 
this spray last season with excellent results 
And, as an instance of its continued popu- 
larity, a large majority of growers in the 
extensive apple and pear growing district 
of Harcourt has this season ordered 
Chemicals for spraying exclusively with — 
this spray, 
In conclusion, it may be well to repeat 
the necessary additional action to be 
taken in order to keep the orchard free 
from this pest; Scrape off all loose bark. 
Filland plug all holes and crevices in 
trees Leave no cracks or broken ends of 
limbs, Clear away all weeds and growth 
around trees. Have the bandages exami- 
hed thoroughly and regularly, Keep fruit 
ouses frequently cleaned and examined 
for grubs. Allow no second-hand cases 
in the orchard Destroy all bags and 
Packages likely to have come in contact 
With infected fruit. Gather and destroy 
1 fallen fruit. Growers are also urged to 
Accurately measure for themselves their 
Pump casks or barrels, as the reputed 
Measurement is very often the result of 
Suesswork, and hence inacurate, The result 
1s that the spray is either ineffective, or 
the tree is burned by the mixture being: 
00 strong. 
he arsenite of lead spray is not at all 
4n expensive one, With the cost of 
chemicals at the present ruling rates, it 
Works out at about 64d per acre for each 
Spraying, or at a cost of 4s 4d per acre for 
“ight sprayings, exclusive of labour. 
THE AUSTRALIAN GARDENER. 
SOUTH. AUSTRALIA. 
TAXATION DEPARTMENT. 
INCOME TAX 
Returns — 
ARE NOW DUE 
For Forms of Returns, or further infor- 
mation, apply at the Post Office, or at the 
Taxation Office, Adelaide. 
POSTAGE MUST BE FULLY PRE- 
PAID. FREE POSTAGE HAS 
BEEN REPEALED. 
J. G. RUSSELL, 
Commissioner of Taxes 
January 1, 1907. 
The Orchard. 
By James Lang. 
The usual routine work of the orchard 
should be pushed on: keep the scarifier 
going so that weeds may be destroyed and 
the surfase loose and open. From re- 
ports to hand from various parts of the 
State, the fruit crop on the whole promises 
to be an average one. Frosts in the 
Bendigo and OCastlemain edistricts have 
destroyed a quantity of fruit, especially 
in those orchards which are situated on 
the banks of creeks and other low gitu- 
ations, consequently the average in these 
localities will be reduced, Complaints 
are also being made about the non-setting 
of the London Pippin; this is one of 
those varieties which bloom late, and ig 
therefore in danger of being caught when 
in bloom by the hot winds. Th's hap_ 
pened last year, when the hot wind o, 
Cup day destroyed the whole of the crop 
it also happened this year, although not} 
to the same extent, and wing to. this 
cause there will be extremely light crops 
of this variety all over the State. Pears 
are an average crop, William’s Bon 
Cheretin especially being a good crop ; 
but peaches, apricots, and plums are below 
the average. 
Reports of an unusual number of trees 
—cherries, apricots, and peaches—dying, 
have come to hand This is no doubt 
caused by the exceptionally wet winter 
xperienced north of the Dividing Range ; 
in many orchards the roots of the trees 
were standing in water during the latter 
part of the winter. This shows the 
necessity for thorough drainage to carry 
off the stagnant twater from the roots. 
Spraying for the codlin moth will take 
up a good deal of time during the month. 
The arsenite of lead spray is being much 
used in the Bendigo and Castlemain 
districts, and seems to give satisfactory 
results to those who use it. 
| Vegetables. 
‘The hoe or other cultivator should be 
bept going between rows of growing 
crops. Water should be applied during 
hot. dry weather before the young plants 
-actually suffer. Water should not be 
applied overhead on hot days. Tomatos 
should be tied to stakes or trellis as growth 
develops, and lateral growth removed. A 
few of the strong growing varieties, such 
as Ponderosa, set their fruit better when 
trained on a trellis at sharp angles from 
the upright; tied to stakes, or trained 
perpendicularly, they grow too vigorously 
to fruit well. Shy bearers are also] stop- 
ped occasionally at a joint above the one 
carrying the flowers, the check causing the 
fruit to set. Should the larvae of the 
tomato moth attack the plants, should” 
be sprayed with a solution of Paris green, 
at the rate of 1 ounce to 12 gallons water; 
milk of 1 pound fresh lime should be 
added, and the mixture kept thoroughly 
agitated while being applied. 
Seeds may be sown for a succession of 
various saladings, peas, beans, etc. Plsnt- 
ings may be made from former sowings, 
choosing a dull day, if possible, for the 
purpose. 
The Poultry Yard. 
Turkeys—Care, &c. 
(By H. V. Hawkins, Poultry Expert) 
Tn response to inquiries for hints on 
¢he management of turkeys and the cauise 
of many fertile eggs not hatching, I n- 
end to briefly outline a few points of, 
yimary importance in connexion with 
their habits, etc. 
In the first place the Turks had littlet 
rm: anylhing todo with this breed, so thas 
the name “ Turkey” was not given thi 
excellent table bird by them, but rather 
by the Americans. Personally, I am in- 
cline to the belief that the Mexicans dis- 
covered the wild turkey, but the credit for 
vastly improving and domesticating it, and 
raising the breed to the present standara 
of perfection rightly belong to the Ameri- 
cans. In any case [am content to know 
that the Americans have farmed turkeys 
for so many years, and have wonderfully 
changed their type, colour, and habits, 
with such splendid results. 
The questio + so often asked is, “‘ Why 
turkey farming has been so long neglected 
here?” Those who have done most fo 
the Commonwealth in this regard, nave 
been the squatter, who, in many cases, 
merely have a few at first to supply a 
change of menu from mutton. They have 
little time to devote to the care of thase 
birds, still, in most cases, the result isa 
great success. ‘The reason is not difficult 
to find, i.e., tarkeys being great travellers 
and foragers, must haveacres. ‘They uay 
be seen in large flocks in the Riverine 
