Annual net Income, £594,370. 
THE AUSTRALIAN GARDENER. 
Augnst 1, 1907 
Inmnswuramce Co., Ltd. 
This old Established Colonial Office covers every description of 
Fire, Marine, and Accident Business, 
At Lowest Rates. 
6,000,000 paid in Claims. 
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN BRANCH, 112 KING WILLIAM STREET, ADELAIDE. 
LOUIS E. WILSON, Manager. 
Active Agents Wanted. 
How to Produce Pure Milk. 
In order to produce pure, rich milk or 
butter we must have clean, sunny stables, 
healthy, contented cows, a milk-house 
built for the purpose, and separate from 
all other buildings, and finally every pail, 
pan, can, cooler, separator, bottle cloth, 
and person that comes in contact with the 
milk must be absolutely clean—not clean 
enough or pretty clean. but clean. 
There is a man who lives near Newburg, 
New York (says the “Country Genitle- 
man,’’?) who sells pure milk to a well- 
known retail dealer in New York. In 
order to have his milk pure, he goes to 
no end of trouble; in fact, some might 
be tempted to laugh at the precautions he 
takes. For example, the miikers are 
required co put on sterilised suits before 
milking, and to wash their hands after 
milking each cow. But what’s the result } 
Why simply that his milk retails for 10d. 
per quart, while he receives about 6d. per 
quart at the milk-house door, 
To answer the question of how cows, 
stables, and utensils should be cared fer, 
illustrations will perhaps be the Lest, 
especially as the dairies illustrated are 
real ones, and are selling their products 
for top prices, : 
In Westchester Country is a large dairy 
farm, which for convenience is divided 
into smaller farms, all under one manage- 
ment. On each of the small farms there 
is a stable about 8Uft. long by 40ft. wide, 
with a silo at one end and near by a hay 
barn. ‘The stable is a one-story frame 
structure, with a cement floor and two 
rows of large windows, one on the west 
side and one on the east. The milk- 
house is close by, with a covered passage 
leading to the stable, Of course, there is 
no cellar, the manure being carried out 
daily to the fields. The inside of the stable 
is whitewashed twice a year. The cows 
are curried, wiped with a damp cloth, and 
their udders washed before milking. The 
bedding material is shavings, bought by 
the carload. Just before milking, the 
milkers wash their hands and put on 
white suits, which are washed every other 
day. The milk is immediately taken to 
the milk-room, cooled, put in large can§ 
and carried over to the central dairy 
pbuilding, a mile away, where it is run 
through strainers and bottled and shipped 
to town, where it sold for 6d. per quart. 
In Orange Country there 1s a dairy 
farm where a fine herd of sixty grade 
Jerseys is kept, and certified milk shipped 
daily to New York. The cows are all 
stabled in one building which has concrete 
walls and floor, the ceiling being of matched 
pine enamelled. All the stanchions and 
fixtures are of iron piping, so that the 
whole interior of the building may be 
washed down with a hose, The bedding 
material is shavings, and the manure is 
taken out twice a day and emptied dicectly 
into a wagon and carried to the fields, 
Just before milking, the cows are curricd, 
sprayed with warm water, and each one 
wiped with a clean towel. Then the 
milkers put on sterilised suits and wash 
themselves before starting to milk. The 
milk is carried to the milk-room which 
adjoins the stable, where it is ran throuzh 
clean, sterilised cheesecloth strainers into 
large cans and then carried over a gravity 
trolly to the dairy building. Here it is 
cooled and bottled. All the utensils, in- 
cluding the metal milking stools, are 
sterilised twice a day, 
In another part of the same country is 
a herd of some eighty cows, where the 
same clean methods are practised with 
the exception of spraying the cows. In 
this case they are simply curried, brushed 
and wiped with a damp cloth. The stable 
isin one end of a large barn, and while 
not up to date in its appointments, is 
kept scrupulously clean, Shavings are 
used for bedding. as this is one of the 
requirements of the New York State Milk 
Commission where dairymen are shipping 
certified or inspected milk. The milk 
from this farm sells for 5d. per quart in 
the neighboring city. 
A Bill reculating the sale of butter in 
the United Kingdom has passed the 
House of Commons. It provides that 
the water percentage in margarine and 
butter is not to exceed 16 per cent. of 
moisture, but butter imitations may have 
as much as 24 per cent, 
Why Dairying Pays. 
It takes less fertility out of the soil 
than any other form of azriculture. and 
hence it is useful in following a well- 
regulated system of rotation. 
It can be combined regularly with other 
forms of agriculture or horticulture. 
The dairy provides in winter a quantity 
of stable manure in which the straw from 
the barn is profitably utilised, 
The by-products from the cow—skim 
milk, whey, and buttermilk—are a source 
of income in raising pigs and calves. 
Dairying gives constant and regular 
employment of a light character to every 
member of a farmer’s family. 
Dairying inculcates habits of punc- 
tualit:, industry, cleanliness, and thrift 
on a farm, 
Cheese and butter are condensed pro- 
ducts, and the cost of carriage, in com- 
parison with their value, is less than that 
of any farm product. 
The demand for good butter and cheese 
on the world’s markets is unlimited, and 
so long as the quality is maintained, an 
all-round, even, and profitable price can 
be secured. ‘ 
The monthly cheque from the factory 
provides the mainstay in the household, 
as against the precarious returns from 
yearly crops. 
In mixed farming, the income from the 
dairy is the most reliable. 
The farmer’s household, as a result of 
dairy work, is always supplied with fresh 
mil and cream, butter, pork, bacon, and 
veal. 
Storekeepers, traders, bankers, financial 
men, and politicians all fully realise, after 
yoars of experience, that wherever dairy 
farming is conducted farmers are more 
prosperous, mortgages are rarely found, 
and the value of landed property becomes 
considerably enhanced, 
Victoria ships about half the butter 
exported from the Commonwealth, and 
about 25 per cent. more than New 
Zealand, Last year New Zealand ex- 
ported 8,145 tons of cheese at a value 
considerably in advance of that ruling 
for butter. 
