13 
English type of plough. In a small orchard 
a single-furrow, one-horse plough is all 
that is required. but in large orchards 
two, three, or four-gang ploughs can be 
used if the trees are planted at a proper 
distance. All the land that can be turned 
over by means of big ploughs shouid be 
so treated, and that close to the trees 
should be ploughed with single-furrow, 
one-horse ploughs, fitted with special side- 
draught, so that the whole of the land 
can be ploughed right up to the line of 
trees . 
The object of summer cultivation is to 
stir the land, not to tura it. As men- 
tioned before, it is the prevention of the 
formation of capillaries in the surface 
soil, by keeping it in a state of perfect 
tilth, that prevents the surface evapora- 
tion of moisture. No cultivator should be 
used which turns the soil or throws it up 
in ridges, as this will rather tend to dry 
out the ground by bringing moist soil to 
the surface, and also, the land being in 
ridges, there isa larger surface exposed 
to the influence of the suv and air than 
if it is left even and level. Ridges are 
also to be guarded against, as in the case 
of heavy rains, such as thunderstorms, 
they form channels for the water, and 
tend to cause washing. 1t is a mistake 
to expect the same implement to kill 
weeds and stir the land properly at the 
same time. The coulters that are 
best suited for stirring the land are of 
little value as weed-killers, as they do not. 
cut any extent of the surface. Where 
weeds are troublesome they should first 
be got rid of by coulters made for the 
purpose, or by means of specially-made 
_ weed knives. 
For summer cultivation implements of 
the !lanet Junior type, worked by one 
horse, and fitted with sets of teeth for 
surface working to kill all weeds, aud with 
narrow cultivator-teeth to stir the lands 
deeply, are the best for small orchardists ; 
whereas for large orchardists two horse 
The Melbourne 
Tailoring Depot, 
No. 10 ARCADE, Adelaide. 
Absolutely the best in the States. 
Customers have a choice-of over 2,000 
patterns, 
New Goods now open for Spring and 
Summer wear. 
First-class fit and workmanship guar- 
anteed. 
NOTE THE ADDRESS, and profit 
by ordering your next suit from us. We 
post free to country customers patterns 
and self-measurement forms. 
Please mention this paper. 
THE AUSTRALIAN GARDENER. .. 
———eeeeo 
implements, such as the Planet Senior, 
Top-Notch cultivator, or Morgan spading 
harrow are to be preferred. The latter is 
a splendid orchard implement that reduces 
the surface soil to a very fine stite, and 
cousequently renders it a good mulch, as 
the finer the surface soil the more perfect - 
the mulch and the less the snrface evap 
oration. There are two great secrets in 
summer cultivation. The first is to work 
the land at the right time, and the seeond 
is never to allow acrust to form. After 
heavy rain the cultivators should be kept 
going as hard as possible—as soon as the 
land will carry the horses without packing 
—because the sooner the surface of the 
soil is stirred aftzr rain the finer will be 
the tilth obtained, and more moisture 
will be retained in the soil. Never neglect 
this. Remember that the more moisture 
you can retain in your soil in a dry 
district the better the returns, and nez- 
lecting to retain the moisture when you 
get it very often means the loss of your 
crop. You cannot over cultivate if you 
cultivate properly. Stir the land and stir 
it deeply. Do not turn the soil, If you 
do, you bring moist soil to the surface 
and consequently lose moisture ; t erefore 
use narrow teeth that stir but do not turn 
the soil. Keep this in mind: Plough 
deeply iu winter, cultivate frequently in 
summer, and grow a green crop, prefer- 
ably clover, in autumn to malntain supply 
of humus. 
For Brcinners.—The chief aim of a 
beginner (as it has been of those who 
have been most successful) should be to 
grow good material, better if possible 
than his neighbors, in order that buyers 
can see it to be to their advantage to 
purchase from him in preferenco to others 
whose stock is of inferior quality; and 
then when he gets the confidence of 
buyers by such a substantial method and - 
continues to merit it, there will be little 
danger of his. stock remaining on his 
hands ungold. On the other hand, a man 
who starts in to grow as much material as 
he possibly can find room for, paying less 
attention always to quality than to quan- 
tity, has usually a harder time of it in dis- 
posing of it than he had while ralsing it, 
while invariably, in the event of his con- 
tinuance of the same methods, his subse- 
quent experience will be more dis.ppoint- 
ing and disheartening still. 
OriGIN OF Ruetnrorcep Concrete. — 
About forty years ago a French gardener, 
Joseph Monier, first conceived the idea 
of embedding metal in concrete in an 
endeavour to lessen the thickness of 
some flower-pots he was making, and from 
this simple beginning, by slow stages 
and after much experimenting, the great 
system of reinforced concrte was evolved. 
Flora: “Is there much money in the 
flower business ?’ 
there are a few scents.’ 
Florist : “At least 
March 1. 1908 
To Correspondents. 
D. Campbell.—The Aylesbury duck 
should be spotlessly white, both duck and 
drake. The bill should be long, broad, 
and pinky-white in colour, and run 
straight out from the head, the legs are 
bright orange. The body is very long 
and deep, with plenty of keel carried 
parallel with the ground. The tail «-f the 
drake is ornamented with two or three- 
curled feathers. Aylesburys are early 
layers: the colour of the eggs varies. the 
ducklings mature very rapidly, weighing 
4 to 6 lbs when ten or eleven weeks old. 
If you wish to breed for profit only we 
recommend you to keep Indian Runners. 
“ Fertiliser” wishes to know when to 
apply fertilisers ?—At any time from 
the beginning of autumn ap till ihe end 
of winter. Earlier for heavy soils which 
clog. Add a little lime. 
“ Oranges.”— Let your young trees 
make as much wood as they can during the 
first 3 or 4 years and rub off any signs of 
fruit. 
“* Marketing,’”—The secret of successful 
marketing of fruit for ouersea is an even 
grade and absolutely free from bruises. 
Handle your apples as though they wera 
eggs, 
“ Roses.’’—Yes, go on with your roses, 
they will bloom right through to the end 
of autumn, and lovely flowers you should 
still get. 
‘ Chrysanthemum.”—We could give 
you any amount of advice, but the best 
plan is to make the acquaintance of any 
enthuisiast, and he will tell you more in 
ten minntes than you could read in a 
month. But do not fail to read all you 
can as well. 
Gladioli ‘The WORLD'S 
AND FINEST and IM- 
Swe et PROVED GIANT 
VARIETIES, 
Peas — a 
2 
L. H. Howell 
Gladioli Specialist, 
MOUNT VICTORIA, 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
NOW READY TO SEND OUT. 
Catalogue Post Free: 
