100 
belly and well up behind the thighs, free from any but fine hair, with milk 
veins visible and extending towards the armpit, the head long and broad 
between the eyes, large muzzle, with a ‘clear eye, which indicates a strong 
constitution. Frederick Smith, M.R.C.V.S. L., V.S., Army Veterinary Depart 
ment, Lecturer n Military Veterinary Hygiene in the Army Veterinary School 
(a great authority on veterinary physiology), in writing on milk secretion, states 
that the nervous system of the cow is intimately associated with the production 
of milk. Very heavy milkers,as a rule, show a more pronounced nervous 
temperament than do animais of the beef type that secrete very little milk. 
According to the best authorities, a nerve starts from the spinal cord at the 
-lower part of the loins, and divides the pelvis into three branches. One branch 
is distributed among the muscles of the abdomen, while the other two are 
distributed through the udder. In this latter organ the nerves are divided, 80 
that one branch is associated with the teat, another with the milk-cistern, while 
a third permeates the lobules and alveoli. As the teats are worked by the 
hands, the nerves become irritated, causing their contraction and the discharge 
of their contents. Animals noted as large milk-producers are usually found to 
have large arteries and veins connected with the udder. The larger veiDS 
extend along the belly towards the shoulder or armpit, while the smaller ones 
are twisted, and extend in no definite direction. ‘These veins are a good guide 
fora person in selecting herds, and I would advise handling the udder before 
purchasing. The irregularity of form to be found in the cow’s udder is not t0 
be found in the anatomy of any other animal. 1 may here say that I favour 20 
particular breed, as good and bad are to be found amongst all breeds, and the 
man who fayours one breed is ignorant of all other breeds. 
Individual cows, holding Australian records for butter production, are 
bred from shorthorn cows, by Ayrshire sires. This cross or strain is most 
favour in Victoria and New Zealand at the present day. There is a distinct 
pale of shorthorns that are excellent milkers, but it is difficult to meet with 
em. 3 . 
The purebred Ayrshire holds a high position among the best milkers at 
the present time, and can only be despised for her short teats, which causes 
the milking process to be rither tedious; but by crossing with a good rae 
strain the matter of short teats is overcome, and it has been proved beyon 
doubt that the Ayrshires have the power to transmit their good qualities to thelr 
offspring. Personal experience has taught me that a cross with an Ayrshire 
sire (from a good milking strain) and the shorthorn or ordinary cow will give. 
good results. ‘This cross or breed is within the reach of every dairyman 
‘Queensland; but it must be borne in mind that the sire must be from a good 
milking strain. Best results are obtainable from matured sires which have t 
ipower to transmit their characteristics to their offspring with almost a degree 
of certainty. Another point in favour of the Ayrshires is that they are animals 
of strong constitution, are most suitable for our climate, and would do well 1a 
the Northern parts where climatic influence is more severe. Some people w! 
argue that the Ayrshire is not a good butter cow, which is not so. ‘This breed 
holds records up to 1,200 gallons of milk per year, with a butter yield of 550 Ib. 
The shorthorn is bred specially for beef, and is not adapted to all classes 
and conditions of treatment. It does very poorly on high, inferior country. 
This animal is large and heavy, and requires good food, and a quantity of 1%, 
to produce anything like a reasonable supply of milk. Thereis adistinct grate 
of shorthorns that are considered very good milkers; but the cost of feeding; 
compared with other breeds, is very great. I believe in America, at the preset 
day, the shorthorn holds the highest records for butter production. There 18 
one very great point in favour of the shorthorn—z.e., if the .emale be mated 
with a good milking sire (the Ayrshire, Jersey, or Alderney), the best results ate 
obtainable. 
The Devons are fairly good dairy cattle, can withstand hardships, and do 
well on rough hilly country; they yield a good supply of milk, rich in butter 
‘fat, second only to the Jersey in this respect. I have seen some yery fife 
