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the former, and are also like it endowed with similar vital characteristics. 
The same applies to the narrow mussel-shaped—brown or reddish-brown— 
bodies that are so frequently met with upon the branches, foliage, or fruit of 
his orange-trees, or upon the leaves of some favourite ornamental shrub, as, for 
example, Murraya exotica. Again the raised or depressed brown or black objects 
occurring so couspicuously upon the leaves and young wood of the fig, mul- 
berry, as well as upon those of many other plants, are also living insects. So, 
too, are the little masses of pinkish red or white wax-like matter that may be 
met with now almost ascents about Brisbane in these and similar situations. 
He will, moreover, experience the same misgivings should he isolate any such 
objects, and even be in a position to increase his powers of ordinary vision by 
the use of a magnifying glass. On Plates I. and IL., that accompany this article, 
the Scale Insects, amongst others, to which allusion is above made, are portrayed 
as they appear under these circumstances, and yet it may be affirmed that they 
do not coincide with any general idea of insect-life that is entertained by 
ordinary observers. This remarkable difference that apparently obtains 
between Mealy Bugs and their allies and the other scate insects referred to 
is accounted for by the fact that the female insect—the form most commonly 
if not exclusively met with—in the former case, does not proceed in its trans- 
formations beyond a larviform condition (exemplified in other insects by the 
eaterpillar or grub phase of existence), whereas in the latter it early passes 
into a pupiform state, or—as with the Lecanide or Soft Scales—into a condition 
closely approaching it, as pointed out by Dr. Antonio Berlese. 
If by aid of the point of a needle an individual “ scale” be raised from 
the surface to which it is attached, it will usually happen that a diminutive 
heap of red, yellow, or white dust-like material ig brought into view; and 
should this be allowed to fall or be brushed on to any smooth white surface, 
it will be seen that the individual particles are apparently similar one to the 
other. In the case of the white scale of the rose (Diaspis rose), illustrated on 
Plate I., Pig. 8, in which the substance presents a pronounced pinkish-red 
colour, these particles may number upwards of 160, and yet this. not 
constitute the entire sum of the progeny of the individual. wo of such 
objects as they appear when highly magnified are represented by Fig. 1 of Plate 
IIL., and a glance at, these will suggest the fact that they are eggs. These 
scale-insect eggs are invariably oblong-oval bodies, and are of such size that in 
the case of the so-called Armoured Scale Insects—of which the Rose Seale isan — 
example—from 116 to 128 placed end to end would form a line but an inch 
in length. The eggs of many other Coccide are larger; thus not more than 
73 of those of the Orange Mealy Bug (Dactylopius citri) could be placed within 
the same unit of linear measurement; and, again, in the case of the Cottony 
Cushion Scale (Iceryw Purchasi), Plate IL., Fig. 7, this number would be 
reduced to 37. 
It must not be inferred from what is stated, however, that all Scale Insects 
are oviparous or egg-layers, although the majority may be so described. In 
the case of certain species the progeny when born have the form of already 
active larvew. This is the case with the Soft Scale (Lecanium hesperidum) 
figured on Plate IT., Fig. 2, and with the Pernicious or San José Scale 
(Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst.), about which so much has recently been written. 
With egg-producing species—such as the Rose Scale mentioned—a portion, 
and with viviparous species the whole, of the coloured dust-like substance 
alluded to will be probably found on observation to exhibit marked activity, 
individual particles travelling over the white surface whereon they occur. Hach 
of these moving particles is a young scale insect, and may be compared to a 
miniature Mealy Bug. They are, however, still very diminutive ; thus when in 
this condition it will take from 100 to 110 young of the so-called Armoured Seales 
(¢.7., the Rose Diaspis, Red Seale, &c.) extended in single file, but touching 
one another, to reach an inch; for the young of the Orange Mussel Scale 
(Mytilaspis fulva, TV. Toz.), 73; for the young of the Soft Scales (Lecanide), 
the latter represented by Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 on Plate IL., from 50 to 60 will be 
