121 
With some members of the family Coccide the appearance as well as the’ 
active habits presented by the recently born young, to a greater or less extent, 
persist throughout the subsequent lite of the insects into which they develop. 
This, as already stated, is so in the case of the Mealy Bug (Dactylopius) 
portrayed in Fig. 8 of Plate II. To a less extent the same condition 
obtains in the Soft Scales (Lecanide), representations of which are afforded 
by Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 on the same plate. In the adult female of insects 
belonging to this last-named sub-family, although recognisable, first nymph 
and second nymph stages intervene between the larval condition of life and 
that which corresponds to maturity, fixation does not take place until the 
latter has been attained ; and although then different in appearance, outwardly, 
from the Lecanium individual when this is young, this difference merely arises 
from a continuous activity of those special glands that secrete horny or chitinous . 
material, and that occur over the entire extent of the upper surface of the 
body, followed by a marked general depression (whence originates the typical 
seale-like form), accompanied by an expansion of the horny covering of the 
back of the insect that takes place not only at the sides but also in front and 
behind. Antennew—or feelers—and legs, however, still persist, though these 
are completely hidden by the expanded portion alluded to, and can only be 
discerned on up-turning the insect. The same remark applies to the body- 
segments. ‘The further changes that attend the pregnant condition are, 
however, more conspicuous, though not more profound. The body now 
appears, when viewed from above, much more elevatel than before, and is 
augmented in volume. Meanwhile, as seen from beneath, the segmented hind- 
body shrinks up until ultimately it dries, but, notwithstanding, the legs and 
antennw are recognisable, even so after the eggs or young have been brought 
forth and deposited beneath the scale that now adheres immovably to the 
surface of the particular plant affected by the special kind of Lecanium that it 
represents. 
In the case of the Armoured Seale Insects, or Diaspinwe—a sub-family that 
is exemplified by the Red Scale, Aspidiotus aurantii; the Circular Purple Scale, 
Aspidistus ficus ; the Orange Mussel Scale, Mytilaspis fulva, Varg. Toz. ; Glover’s 
Mussel Scale, AZytilaspis Gloveri; the Apple Mussel Scale, ALytilaspis pomorum ; 
the Orange White Scale, Chionaspis citri; the Rose Diaspis, D. rose ; the 
Peach Diaspis, D. amygdali, Tryon; and the Parlatoria Seale, all of which 
insects are figured on Plate [—we have Coccide that are all distinguishable 
when adult by the presence in connection with them of a protecting shield-like 
cover (that is capable of being lifted by means of 4 fine needle-point or 
similar appliance), and by the fact that they exhibit a naked fleshy, white, 
yellow, orange, pink, or red coloured body, that is brought to light when this 
shield is raised.* These scale insects manifest also noteworthy differences in 
their mode of development from the Soft Scales, or Lecanide, last considered. 
The duration of the active life of members of this sub-family, as already 
stated, is limited to the few hours or days immediately succeeding their birth, for 
the larye soon settle down and henceforth remain quite stationary upon their 
food-plant. Simultaneously with such event, the insect inserts its hair-like pro- 
boscis (Plate IIL. Wig. 2b) into the tissue of this, and so imbibes its juices, or 
commences to subsist atits expense. Itnext castsits skin, thoughitstill continues 
to live beneath the protecting covering that this affords; but it soon, however, 
exceeds in size the dimensions of the latter, extending its body beyond it behind ; 
although even previous to this, as noted by L. O. Howard and C. A. Marlatt 
in the case of the San José Scale (op. cit. p. 40), and by the writer in the 
* The under surface of the body is likewise protected by a scaly plate, but this as a rule is of 
extreme tenuity, appearing merely as a delicate film at the place of attachment when any 
particular scale insect belonging to this sub-family is raised. In the Red Scale of the orange, as 
shown on Plate I., Vig. 24; however, this so-called ventral scale is attached to the upper or 
dorsal one ; and so the insect’s body partly enclosed between the two not only enjoys additional 
Rratpietise but is almost hidden from view when the insect is looked at from beneath. The 
ussel Scales—Mytilaspis spp.—also again exhibit a yentral scale. (Vide Plate I., Figs. 64, 74, 
8A, and 9a.) ; 
