1 Supr., 1897.) QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. 221 
There are also two forms of built stone drains, of which the box (Mig. 2) 
and coupled (Fig. 3) drains, shown herewith, are examples. The drawings of 
drains and draining tools are taken from Morton’s Encyclopedia of Agriculture, 
and though the original drawings were made many years ago they are, in my 
Opinion, well worthy of reproduction. All of the above kinds of drains are 
expensive, in that the labour necessary to construct them is very considerable, 
but they have this advantage: That the materials can be obtained free of cost, 
so that when the orchardist does his own work he is not put to any outside 
expense. Such drains are therefore of value to a selector, to whom the 
purchase of drain tiles would be too great an expense, but to anyone who can 
afford it, draining with tiles is far the cheapest and most satisfactory method. 
Tile Drainage.—The great advantage of tiles over stones or other 
materials is that when they are used no more soil is moved than is absolutely 
necessary, the bottom spit being taken out of such a width as will admit of the 
tile being laid, but no more; thus the cost of digging them is very much less— 
in fact, the cost of the drain tiles is more than saved in the difference in the 
cost of digging the drains. ‘Tile drainage, to be a success, requires, however, 
to be done by men who thoroughly understand their business, and the bottom 
of the drain must be finished in such a manner that there are no inequailities,. 
and that there is a steady and even fallin one direction ; so that when the tiles. 
are laid they shall join well and there shall be no sagging in the line, as a sag 
or sudden depression will soon silt up and the drain will become worse than, 
useless. 
Fic, 4. Fig, 5. Fie. 6. Fig. 7, Fig. 8, 
Several special tools are used for tile drainage, the spades being of such a 
width and shape that they will take out the soil easily and cleanly, and that 
they will not take out more than is absolutely necessary. The spades (Higs. 4 
and 5) are of various widths, and are often rounded so as to hold the earth 
better. The bottoming tools (Figs. 6, 7, 8,and 9), which are either straight or 
rounded, preferably the latter, are used for taking out the bottom spit of 10 to. 
15 inches according to the soil, and are made of yarious widths so as to suit 
the size of tiles that are used. 
