316 QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. [1 Ocr., 1897. 
should be ploughed with single-furrow, one-horse ploughs, fitted with special 
side draught, so that the whole of the land can be ploughed right up to the line 
of trees. 
; Fic. 5. 
The object of summer cultivation is to stir the land, not to turnit. AsI 
mentioned before, it is the prevention of the formation of the capillaries in 
the surface soil, by keeping it in a state of perfect tilth, that prevents the 
surface evaporation of moisture. No cultivator should be used which turns 
the soil or throws it up in ridges, as this will rather tend to dry out the ground 
by bringing moist soil to the surface, and also, the land being in ridges, there 
is a larger surface exposed to the influence of the sun and air than if it is lefty 
even and level. Ridges are also to be guarded against, as in the case of heavy 
rains, such as thunderstorms, they form channels for the water, and tend to 
cause washing. Itis a mistake to expect the same implement to kill weeds and 
stir the land properly at the same time. The coulters that are best suited for 
stirring the land are of little value as weed-killers, as they do not cnt any 
extent of the surface. Where weeds are troublesome, they should first be got 
rid of by coulters made for the purpose, or by means of specially made weed- 
knives (Hig. 6). 
