ORDERS OF INSECTS. 173 
erect when at rest (fig. 87, c), by having club-shaped antennze, 
and by having a chrysalis (4), which is almost always naked 
and angular, and is generally attached to some solid object by 
silken threads variously disposed. 
The Moths (fig. 88) are mostly active during the night-time, 
when they are said to be nocturnal. Many of them, however, 
are “crepuscular”—that is to say, they are active during the 
hours of twilight ; and a few come out in broad daylight and 
in the brightest sunshine. The pupz or chrysalides are never 
angular, as in the case of the butterflies. 
In the Crepuscular Lepidoptera, including those forms which 
are active during the twilight, the antennz are fusiform, or 
grow gradually thicker from the base to the apex; the wings 
are horizontal or little inclined when the insect is at rest ; the 
posterior wings have their front margins furnished with a rigid 
spine (“retinaculum”) which is received into a hook on the 
under surface of the anterior wings ; and the pupez are never 
angular. 
The Nocturnal Lepidoptera have the antennz setaceous, or 
diminishing gradually from the base to the apex, often serrated 
or pectinated (fig. 88); the wings in repose are horizontal or 
deflexed, and the hind-wings are furnished with a “retinaculum,” 
as in the preceding section; the pupze are mostly smooth, 
sometimes spiny, and often enclosed in a cocoon. 
ORDER X. HYMENOPTERA.—In this order all the four wings 
are present, as a rule, and they are all membranous in texture, 
with few nervures (fig. 89). The mouth is always furnished 
with biting-jaws or mandibles, but often is adapted for suction 
as well. The females have the extremity of the abdomen fur- 
nished with an instrument connected with the process of laying 
eggs (ovipositor); and in very many cases this becomes the 
powerful defensive weapon known as the sting. The meta- 
morphosis is complete. 
The Hymenoptera form a very extensive order, comprising 
the Bees (Afide), the Wasps (Vesfid@), the Ants (Formiczde), 
the Saw-flies (Zenthredinida, fig. 89), and the Ichneumons. 
The bees, wasps, and ants are well known as forming social 
communities, though solitary members of the two former families 
are very common. 
In both groups these organised communities consist of a vast 
