ORDERS OF MAMMALIA. see 
really digested. The abomasum terminates, of course, in the 
commencement of the small intestine. | 
The Rumnantia include a number of families of which it is 
only possible to notice the leading characters of the more im- 
portant ones—namely, the Camelide, Cervide, Giraffes, and 
Cavicornia. 
The family Camelzde comprises the Camel and Dromedary 
of the Old World and the Llamas of the New, and is character- 
ised by having no horns, by having two incisors in the upper 
jaw, and a pair of canines in both jaws; whilst the foot con- 
sists of only two toes, covered with imperfect nail-like hoofs, 
and destitute of the two supplementary toes. The soles of the 
feet are covered with a callous horny integument upon which 
the animal walks. 
In the Camels the toes are conjoined below by a callous pad, 
and the back is furnished with one or two fleshy humps. The 
Arabian Camel or Dromedary has but one hump, and its struc- 
ture admirably adapts it for a beast of burden in the sandy 
deserts of Arabia and Africa. One special provision toward this 
end is the possession of large cells in the paunch, in which a 
large quantity of water can be stored up, thus enabling the ani- 
mal to travel for days without drinking. The Bactrian Camel 
resembles the Dromedary in most respects, but it possesses two 
humps. The place of the Camels of the Old World is filled in 
South America by the Llamas and Alpacas (Auchenia), which 
have separate toes, and have no hump. The Llama is exten- 
sively used as a beast of burden, but the Alpaca is chiefly of 
value for its long wool, which is largely manufactured. 
The family Cervzde includes the true Deer, and is character- 
ised by the fact that the forehead carries two solid bony antlers, 
which are not hollow, and are usually much branched (fig. 177). 
With the single exception of the Rein-deer, these appendages 
are exclusively confined to the males, and they are deciduous ; 
that is to say, they are only produced at certain seasons (annu- 
ally, at the breeding season), and when they have fulfilled their 
purpose, they are shed. They increase in size and in the num- 
ber of branches every time they are reproduced, till in the old 
males they may attain an enormous size. 
Among the more familiar of the Deer may be mentioned the 
Elk, or Moose (Alces Americanus) of Scandinavia and North 
America, the Reindeer and Caribou (Cervus tarandus) of 
