ORDERS OF MAMMALIA. 335 
(Viverride) all belong to the Old World. The true Civet-cat 
inhabits North Africa, and is furnished with a pouch which 
secretes the peculiar fatty substance which is used as a perfume 
under the name of “ civet.” 
The typical group of the Carnivora is that of the Digttigrada, 
comprising the three tribes of the Dogs (Cand), the Hyzenas 
(Hyenide), and the Cats (felde). The family Canéde com- 
prises the true Dogs, the Wolves, the Foxes, and the Jackals, 
all characterised by their pointed muzzles, smooth tongues, and 
non-retractile claws, and by the fact that the fore-feet have five 
toes, whilst the hind-feet have only four. In the Hyenide, 
comprising the Hyzenas, there are only four toes to all the feet, 
the muzzle is rounded, the tongue is rough, and the hind-legs 
are shorter than the fore-legs, The Hyznas are ill-conditioned, 
ferocious animals, which occur in Africa, Asia Minor, Arabia, 
and Persia, 
The most highly carnivorous, and therefore the most typical, 
group of the Carnzvora is that of the Cats or Fedde, compris- 
ing the Lions, Tigers, Leopards, Panthers, Cats, and others. 
In all these the animal walks lightly upon the tips of the toes, 
and the soles of the feet are hairy. The jaws are short, and 
owing to this and to the great size of the muscles which move 
the lower jaw, the head assumes a rounded form, with a short 
muzzle. The molars and premolars are fewer in number than 
in any other of the Cavuzvora—hence the shortness of the jaws; 
and they are all furnished with cutting edges, except the last 
molar in the upper jaw, which is tuberculate. The legs are 
nearly of equal length, and the hind-feet have only four toes, 
whilst the fore-feet have five toes each. All the toes are fur- 
nished with strong curved retractile claws, which, when not 
in use, are withdrawn within sheaths by the action of elastic 
ligaments. The tongue is armed with horny eminences, which 
render it rough and prickly, and adapt it for the office of licking 
flesh from the bones of the prey. They are all extremely light 
upon their feet, and excessively muscular; and all have the 
habit of seizing their prey by suddenly springing upon it. In 
this section are the Lion (Fe/s /eo), the Tiger (Felis tgrds), the 
Jaguar (/elzs onca), the Puma (feds concolor), the Leopard 
(Felis leopardus), the Lynxes, and the true Cats. 
The Lions are entirely confined to the Old World, inhabiting 
Southern Asia and Africa. The males are maned, and the tail 
