38 QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. {1 J. AN. 1899. 
3rd. A good pruning-saw, suchas the “ California,” which was illustrated 
and-described in the article on “Pruning.” When the trees to be 
grafted are of large size, a handsaw is required. 
4th. A strong chisel and wooden mallet for preparing large stocks. 
5th. A. grafting-pot in which to prepare the grafting-wax. An ordinary 
gluepot is suitable for this purpose. ; 
6th. Materials for making grafting-wax, such as beeswax, tallow, resin, 
turpentine, &c. ‘ 
7th. Materials for tying grafts, such as thin calico, raffia, cottonwick, &e. 
All tools used in grafting should be kept in good order, knives especially so, 
as it is difficult to cut a good-fitting graft with a blunt knife, and not only that, 
but the cleaner and neater the cut the more certain and perfect the union. 
Grafting-wax, which is used for all grafts above ground, is made in several 
ways. One recipe consists of melting together, over a slow fire, equal parts of 
beeswax, resin, and tallow till dissolved and thoroughly mixed, when it is 
ready to apply, and another good wax is made as follows. Take of— 
Beeswax ie oy iy ox ereeelalb! 
Tallow... rs me a nt esa be 
Resin ... ats oe nh of ots elelb: 
Turpentine... 20 : co | PAYS: 
Melt the resin and tallow over a slow fire; then add the wax, and, when 
melted, mix well together. Then add the turpentine and stir well, when it is 
ready to use. 
Grafting-wax is applied hot with a brush to the graft when tied in position, 
care being taken to cover the wound carefully so as to exclude the air. A. 
simple and convenient way of using the wax in the case of nursery stocks is to 
dip a sheet of thin calico into the boiling wax, and, when cold, tearing the waxed 
calico into narrow strips of suitable length. The graft being placed in position, 
the waxed tie is wound round it, so as to completely cover the union; the heat of 
the hand being sufficient to soften the wax, so that it sticks well and is airtight. 
The principle of every method of grafting, whereby the scion or graft is 
made to unite with the stock, is the bringing together of the Cambium layer 
of each, as this Cambium layer is the growing or wood-producing portion of 
the stock and scion; and when the two layers are brought together and kept 
together without air, they each throw out new cells, which join together and 
form one layer of wood. 
No union can take place between the scion and the stock, unless the 
Cambium layers of each are brought into and are kept directly in contact with 
each other, and the best means of doing this are shown in the various methods 
to be presently described. There are various methods of grafting used for 
different varieties of fruit trees and for the different sizes of stocks to be 
worked, but the principle is the same right through. I will now deal with 
several methods ot grafting, the description being accompanied by illustrations 
drawn from life by Mr. F. C. Wills, the artist to this Department. 
ROOT-GRAFTING. 
There are two kinds of root-grafting. In the first, a small piece of root is 
grafted on to a scion of the variety it is wished to propagate; and in the 
second, the scion is grafted on to the root stock just below the ground where 
the stock is standing in the nursery row, or the stocks are dug up and grafted 
in a shed or other suitable building, and when grafted are either heeled in 
temporarily in sand or are planted out in the nursery row. This is known as 
bench-gratting, and, on account of the ease and rapidity with which it can be 
done, is often used by nurserymen. In the first case, where a small piece of 
root is grafted on to the scion, there are two methods employed—one where 
the root is smaller than the scion, and the second where the root is as large 
or jarger than the scion. These methods of grafting are chiefly used by 
nurserymen for the propagation of blight-resistant apple stocks, the Northern 
Spy or Winter Majetin varieties being chiefly used, as both are free rooters 
when root grafted: 
