1 Fes., 1899.] QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. 131 
Sample is composed of bran, cracked wheat, chaff, and caramel. 
Sample is composed of wheat, chicory, coffee, and peas, all coarsely ground. 
Of all the samples examined, but four were found to be eomposed of 
pure coffee ; and of these, three were pronounced to be of “very inferior 
quality.” —Planting Opinion. 
COFFEE IN BRAZIL. 
Braztu is the great coffee country of the world. More than 60 per cent. of the 
coffee placed on the world’s markets come from this great South American 
republic. ‘The plant is grown here from the River Amazon to the Rio de la 
Plata, but according to Planting Opinion the true coffee zone is confined to 
the States of Rio de Janziro, Sao Paulo, Espirito Santo, and Minas Geraes, 
Sao Paulo being the banner coffee State. This coffee finds its ontlet at the ports 
of Santos, Rio de Janeiro, and Victoria. 
Business Methods.—A. publication of the National Association of Manu- 
facturers has the following on the methods of doing business at Rio de Janeiro 
and Santos :— 
Rio de Janeiro and Santos are the principal ports from which coffee is 
shipped. The manner in which the coffee business is conducted in Rio is 
somewhat different from the method followed in Santos, and a few remarks on 
the subject may be of interest. In Rio the commissarios, or planters’ agents, 
sell to the ensaccadores, or intermediates, who classify and sack the coffee. 
Bach coffee-exporting firm employs its own brokers to buy from the inter- 
mediaries. The broker’s interest, therefore, is to act solely on behalf of the 
exporter, and, as he is well posted on the stock and requirements of the market, 
and as the intermediaries have the coffee ready for sale, duly classified, he can 
generally procure the exact number of bags of any type he may be instructed 
to purchase. 
It is not so in Santos. There the planters’ agents sell direct to the 
exporting houses, employing their own brokers. The latter’s interest is, there- 
fore, with the growers. The coffee is not classified as in Rio, but is simply 
sold in lots. An exporter who has to execute an order for a certain type of 
coffee may have to buy in excess of his needs, in order to be able to separate 
and obtain the quality and quantity required. The remainder, should it not be 
of a standard suitable for shipment, must be disposed of in the market. In 
either case the exporter naturally regulates his invoices so as to cover any loss 
the transaction may entail. It will be seen that with greater capital and the 
employment of thorough experts to buy the coffee, the Santos market offers 
every inducement to exporting houses. They would not only save profits, by 
saving the intermediaries’ commission, but often, by careful selection and 
judgment in shipping, surpass their expectations. 
Coffee Grading.—Coffees are graded in this market as follows :— 
Fine.—Consisting of clean coffee of regular bean. 
Superior.—Bean regular in size, but may contain a few husks or black 
beans, called “quakers”’ —sticks, stones, and dirt not allowed. 
Good.—EHvenness of bean not absolutely insisted upon; may be black 
beans or husks, and even a few broken beans, sticks, stones, and dirt excluded. 
Regular.—In this grade defects appear, large quantities of black beans, 
hulls, stones, sticks, or dirt. ; 
Ordinary.— Contains foregoing defects and some broken beans. 
Triage.—The last or lowest of grades, is made up of broken beans, and has 
all the other defects enumerated. 
