1 Avrto, 1899.] QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. 265 
America. The result of the investigations of many scientists has been that, 
instead of attempting to treat fruit pests by rule of thumb, the life history of 
many pests has been worked out, their habits studied, and remedies discovered 
for treating them on scientific lines. The best, most effectual, and most 
economical method of applying the various remedies was also carefully gone 
into, with the result that it was proved that mixing the various remedies with 
water and distributing them over the tree and fruit, in the form of a very fine 
spray, gave the best results in a very large number of cases. ‘This method of 
applying remedies is known as “‘spraying,” and has necessitated the manufacture 
of special pumps fitted with special nozzles with which to apply the spray. 
There are many kinds of spray pumps and nozzles now manufactured, varying 
in size from the knapsack spray pump, which is carried on the back of the 
operator, to powerful force pumps capable of throwing as many as six sprays 
at once. Several kinds of spray pumps are now obtainable in this colony, most 
of which are suitable for the purpose for which they are required. In selecting 
a spray pump, pay attention to the following particulars :— : 
(1) Never buy too small a pump, as the more powerful the pump the 
better the work, and the less spraying material you require. Ifa 
large pump is tgo much for one grower, then let several small 
growers club together and get one good outfit amongst them; it 
will be much better to do this than for each grower to have an 
inferior outfit. 
(2) See that the pump is easy to take to pieces for cleaning or packing, 
and that it is simply and strongly constructed. 
(3) See that all the valves are of copper or brass, as bluestone is largely 
used in spraying, and it will corrode all the iron with which it 
comes in contact. 
(4) See that you have a good supply of nozzles, for, though one nozzle 
may be perfect for one purpose, it may be useless for another, 
All nozzles should be interchangeable. 
(5) Knapsack pumps are the best for vines, vegetables, or tobacco; but 
larger pumps attached to casks or other receptacles are better for 
orchard use. 
When you have purchased a spraying outfit, see that you take care of it. 
Never put it away dirty, but always run a bucketful of clean hot water through 
it after using. Drain the hose dry, roll it up carefully, clean out all nozzles, 
and see that all taps work easily, oiling same if necessary. If you do this you 
will find that your pump will work when you want to use it, but if you do not 
do it the chances are that just when you want to use the pump that it is out 
of order and you lose the crop in consequence. 
The illustrations herewith give a good idea of the operation of spraying, and 
of the method of carrying it out. Figs. 1 and 2, Plate XCV., show the method 
of using the knapsack pump—tst, for spraying vines, vegetables, &c., when a 
short brass pipe fitted with a Vermorel nozzle is used; and 2nd, for spraying 
frnit trees up to 12 or 14 feet high, when a bamboo extension 6 to 8 feet long, 
as shown, is attached to ashort hose connected to the pump, the bamboo being 
fitted to take any nozzle, that shown in the illustration being a triple cyclone | 
nozzle, This pump isan exceedingly handy one for the small fruit-grower who 
combines the growing of cucumbers, melons, tomatoes, &c., with fruit culture, 
as it is a good all-round machine, and is easily handled. In using most knap- 
sack pumps, care must be taken not to use kerosene emulsion or kerosene in 
any form, as the valves are rubber, and are destroyed by kerosene or any other 
inineral oil. The particular kind of knapsack spray pump shown in the 
illustration is known as the “ Figaro,” and is one that has given us great satis- 
faction. Its price, as shown in Fig. 1, is £2 7s. 6d. The bamboo and triple 
cyclone nozzle shown in Fig. 2:are extra. 
