266 QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. [1 Aprin, 1899. 
Plate XCVI. shows one of Gould’s spray pumps fitted on to a cask fixed to 
wu sled, the whole being drawn by a horse. As shown, the pump is fitted with 
two lines of hose, to which two bamboo extensions are attached. It is a 
powerful pump, capable of distributing a very fine spray with considerable 
force, is strongly built, and not likely to get out of order. It and the Climax 
spray pumps, made by the Nixon Spray Pump Company, are two of the best 
‘merican spray pumps, and cost from £6 to &7 complete. ‘There are also 
several colonial-made spray pumps that do good work; and of these, those made 
by Danks and Co., Knowles, and the Doncaster spray pump are about the 
best. The latter pump is fitted with a special attachment for the use of kerosene 
without emulsifying, which is said to give good results in Victoria, but has not 
been thoroughly tested in Queensland. . 
Of the various kinds of nozzles in use, I prefer the three following:—The 
Vermorel and the Triple Cyclone for trees, vegetables, and vines ; and the Nixon 
for trees, The two first give a very fine and wide-spreading spray that can be 
directed either to the under or upper side of the branches and leaves; and the 
latter throws a direct spray with great force, so that it is best adapted for spray- 
ing the trunks and branches of the trees, and, if a coarse nozzle is used, quite 
a thick mixture, that will adhere to these parts like a paint, can be applied. 
There are two seasons of spraying—winter and summer; the former ig 
done, when the leaves are off deciduous trees, as soon as the trees have been 
pruned. It should be very thoroughly done, as it is the main spraying of the 
year, as owing to the dormant condition of the tree and the absence of leaves 
stronger remedies can be used and the tiee can be more thoroughly sprayed. 
The best all-round winter remedy is the sulphur, lime, and salt wash ; but 
kerosene emulsion, Bordeaux mixture, and resin and caustic soda wash can 
also be used. The winter spraying should always be done with a powerful 
pump, the material used being forced into every crack or crevice, and every 
part of the tree should be covered. There is no necessity, however, to drown 
the tree. Fine nozzles that throw upwards or downwards should be used, so as 
to get the material on both sides of the branches. 
Summer spraying is always done with special mixtures, no all-round remedy 
such as the sulphur, lime, and salt wash being used. Much weaker mixtures are 
required, and much more care is necessary in their application, so as to prevent 
injury to the fruit or foliage. Never spray whilst a strong drying wind is 
blowing, or during a burning hot day, if you can help it; rather spray in the 
early morning or late in the afternoon. If, however, it is a case of emergency, 
such as an attack of caterpillars, leaf-eating beetles, or grass-hoppers, then you 
must spray away whether the weather is favourable or not, even if you do injure 
a few trees or vines, as it is better to injure a few than to lose the whole. 
Sprays cannot be too fine, especially when you are using arsenical poisons 
or fungicides, and the more evenly they are distributed the better the work 
they do, and the less material is required. Always prepare your spraying 
material carefully according to the recipes given; sec that it is properly mixed, 
is carefully strained, and that it is kept well stirred when in use. In the case 
of Paris green this last is of the greatest importance, as unless the mixture is 
kept well stirred it soon settles, and that in the bottom of the cask is much too 
strong, and will do more or less injury to the trees to which it is applied. 
hen using strong kerosene emulsion or strong resin washes, see that the 
mixture does not run down the trunk and main branches in sufficient quantity 
to saturate the ground at the collar of the tree, as if this takes place the tree 
will be injured by the bark being destroyed. ‘Tying a sack round the trunk of 
the tree close to the ground will prevent this. 
A little extra care in attending to the details of preparing and applying 
the mixture, as well as to keeping the pump in good working order, saves a lot 
of time in the field and gives much better results. 
Having now dealt with the application of remedies for the destruction of 
fruit pests by means of spraying, a few words on the fruit pests themselves 
and of the remedies for destroying them will not be out of place. 
