270 QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. [1 Aprin, 1899. 
C. 
KerrosEnE EMutsion. 
Take 2 gallons of best kerosene, 1 gallon of boiling water, and 8 oz. of soft 
soap. Dissolve the soap in the boiling water ; when dissolved add the kerosene 
and churn the mixture with a spray pump or syringe for fully 10 minutes, so 
as to get the oil and water thoroughly emulsified, when the mixture becomes 
stable and the oil will not separate from the water, even when kept for a 
considerable time. If the oil is not thoroughly emulsified and there is free oil 
present, it is apt to injure the foliage when applied, and if free oil gets on to 
the roots of the tree in any quantity it will probably kill the tree; therefore it 
is always best to be on the safe side, and be sure that you churn the mixture 
till it 1s properly emulsified. The strength at which kerosene emulsion is 
applied varies with the trees to which it has to be applied, and with the insects 
that are to be destroyed. For scale insects on citrus trees, olives, and hard- 
wooded trees generally, 1 gallon of emulsion added to 7 gallons of water will 
not injure the tree, except perhaps a few very tender shoots; but when used on 
peaches, Japanese plums (not persimmons), it must be used much weaker; in 
fact, I do not recommend it for these trees when they are in leaf, though it is 
valuable as a winter wash for destroying scale insects. Where peach-trees are 
attacked with Black Aphis, then the resin and soda wash described later is the 
better remedy to use. Kerosene emulsion is one of the best remedies for all 
insects that live by suction, especially scale inscets of all kinds. It ean be used 
by itself, or if the trees to be sprayed are covered with fumagine—the sooty 
fungus which always accompanies certain scale and other insects—it can be used 
in conjunction with as thick a solution of starch as can be got through the 
nozzle of the pump. The starch solution is made by making a paste of flour 
the same as that used by bill-stickers, and straining it carefully from all lumps. 
The combined mixture forms a thin coating over the scales, leaves, branches, 
fruit, &c., which peels off when dry, taking the dead scales and fumagine with 
it, and leaving the trees clean. 
D. 
Resin anp Sopa Wasu. 
A cheap, weak wash for destroying Aphides, Red Spider, Uhrips, and young 
scales before they are protected by their hard covering, when this remedy is 
not sufficiently strong to kill them. “‘Iake 4 1b. of resin and 8 Ib. of washing 
soda and boil in 2 gallons of water. Add boiling water slowly to make up 5 
allons, taking care that the mixture is boiling all the time. The mixture 
should be boiled till the resin is thoroughly dissolved, when water to make 40 
gallons of wash is added. This wash works easier in the pump, and is more 
efficacious when applied at a temperature of about 130 degrees. It is a very 
cheap and efficacious wash, and will not injure the fruit or foliage in the 
slightest, and it has the advantage of destroying large numbers of aphis-eggs 
as well as the perfect insects, as it covers them with a thin glaze or varnish of 
resin which prevents their hatching. It should be applied at any time that 
aphis are found, except during a very hot or windy day. If it is found that 
adding water to make 40 gallons makes the wash too weak, then only add 
enough water to make 30, or even 20, gallons of wash. The sticky nature of 
this wash clogs the pump if it is not kept clean, and the best way to clean it is 
to rinse it out with boiling water and soda after using and before putting the 
pump away. 
i. 
Resty Wasu ror Scare Iysecrs. 
The following wash is much stronger than the preceding one, and can be 
used in the place of kerosene emulsion for spraying scale insects. In the case 
of the Mussel Glover and White Scales of citrus trees, and in that of the Mussel 
Seale of the apple, it is a better remedy than the emulsion. It is prepared as 
follows :— 
