BULLETIN OF THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION. 149 
respect to their chemical composition, apples are specially well fitted 
to supplement the too highly nitrogenized young pasture grass, de- 
scribed on page 141, though in late autumn, when the fruit is to be 
had most abundantly, there is probably the least need of adding to 
the pasture grass a food rich in carbohydrates. 
As has been already said, even English or upland hay, as ordinarily 
harvested in this country, is hardly rich enough in easily digestible 
albuminoids to yield the best results as regards animals from which 
milk, or flesh, or work is required; and this remark is most emphati- 
cally true, in respect to bog-meadow hay, and the hay of most salt 
marshes, as was insisted before in vol. 1, pages 853-360. There can- 
not be the least question that enormous quantities of these rough hays 
could readily be put to much more profitable use than they are now, 
by using them in conjunction with cotton-seed meal, oil-cake, or some 
other appropriate addition. ‘The wide-spread European practice of 
fattening cattle upon straw and roots, re-enforced with a small propor- 
tion of oil-cake, is of interest, of course, in this connection in that it 
points out one good way of dealing with rough forage, although this 
way may possibly not be the very best for the farmers of this vicinity. 
Clover when properly cut and cured, is to be classed among foods 
that are rich in albuminoids, and there can be little doubt that this 
plant has not infrequently served in American practice to correct the 
too highly carbohydrated rations of which complaint is here made. As 
is well known, clover is grown to a considerable extent in some parts 
of this country; and it appears to have been grown formerly here in 
New England to a much larger extent than it is now. Moreover, the 
analogous plant lucerne or alfalfa is a standard crop in California, as it 
is in many parts of Europe. In young red clover, not yet in blossom, 
the ratio of albuminoids to carbohydrates is as 1 to rather less than 
24; for clover plants in full blossom, and for good clover hay, the 
ratio is 1 to 3, or 1 to 5}. In young lucerne plants, a foot high, the 
ratio is 1 to rather less than 2, and in lucerne hay it is as 1 to 2}. 
Young clover, eaten ‘before the time of blossoming, is manifestly too 
rich in albuminoids to be, chemically speaking, an economical food ; and 
in many parts of Europe, where clover is used for soiling cattle, it is 
customary to mix chopped straw with the young plants in order to avoid 
the waste of albuminoids that would occur if the young clover were 
fed out by itself. Clover-hay, carefully cured, from plants that have 
