REARING. 
Mann’s reaping - machine, invented by Mr. 
Joseph Mann of Raby, near Wigton, in Cum- 
berland, was first of all tried in 1822, and first 
tried in an improved form in 1826, and first 
tried in Scotland at the Kelso meeting of the 
Highland Society in 1832. It made similar 
promise to Smith’s and Bell’s; and had it been 
as perseveringly improved as the former, it might 
possibly have won the confidence of practical 
men; but—quite as much perhaps from want of 
hope on the part of its proprietor, as from want 
of encouragement on the part of leading and in- 
fluential agriculturists—it is going to rust along 
with its predecessors. It has a revolving polygonal 
cutter of 12 equal sides, and produces its cutting 
effect by a very rapid series of strokes ; it gathers 
the cut corn by means of revolving rakes, and 
strips these in such a manner as to lay down 
the corn in a regular swathe; it is drawn by one 
horse walking along the side of the standing corn ; 
and it cuts a breadth of 34 feet at each turn, and 
is capable of cutting about 10 acres in 10 hours. 
| A figure and a description of it may be seen in 
_ the 6th volume of the Quarterly Journal of Agri- 
culture. 
REARING. A horse’s tossing aloft his two fore 
legs, so as momentarily to poise his whole body 
on his two hinder feet. This proceeds sometimes 
from playfulness, sometimes from sharp reining, 
and sometimes from sheer vice; and in the first 
and second cases, it may be cured by using a 
snaffle-bridle,—but, in the third, is both incura- 
ble and very dangerous. A viciously rearing 
| horse, indeed, is sometimes dealt with by being 
pulled over backward by a rider upon a soft 
piece of ground; but this risks both the spine 
of the horse and the neck of the rider,—and im- 
plies an appalling degree of both brutality and 
recklessness. 
REDBREAST, — Motacilla rubecula. <A bird 
familiarly known to every child, from the num- 
erous stories in which it plays a prominent part. 
The fame of this bird has arisen from its habit of 
seeking the aid of man during the winter season. 
During that inclement period of the year, it visits 
without dread the cottage of the peasant and the 
palace of the peer, tapping at the windows with 
its bill, as if to demand an asylum, and repays 
its host by its confidence, gathering the crumbs 
from the table, and warbling forth its thanks in 
the softest notes. The moment, however, the 
spring appears, this familiarity with its protec- 
tors Ceases, and it again hastens to its native 
haunts. The redbreast builds its nest at the foot 
of some shrub or upon a tuft of grass; it is com- 
posed of dried leaves, mixed with hair and moss, 
and lined with feathers; the female lays from 
five to seven eggs. Sometimes it covers its nest 
with leaves, leaving a small passage for egress 
and regress. The food of the redbreast varies 
with the season; in the spring it is composed of 
worms and insects, but in autumn is principally 
fruits and seeds. Its delicacy in preparing a 
REDSHANK. a9 
worm before partaking of it, is somewhat re- 
markable ; it first seizes it by one end in its beak, 
and beats it on the ground till the inner part 
comes away ; then, taking it in the same manner 
by the other end, it cleanses the outer part, 
which is the only portion it eats. From its 
general familiarity with mankind, it has received 
a nom de caresse in almost every nation in Ku- 
rope; in England it is known as the Robin Red- 
breast; in Germany it is termed Thomas Gierdet ; 
and in Norway, Peter Ronsmad. 
REDBUD. See Jupas Trex. 
RED CEDAR. See Junipmr. 
RED CLOVER. See Crover. 
RED-CRAIG. See Mart. 
RED GUM. See Rust and Miupew. 
RED LAND. See Sort. 
RED LEAD, The sesqui-oxide of lead, or a 
mixture of the protoxide and deutoxide. It is 
well known in commerce, as a pigment, and in 
the manufacture of flint-glass. See the article 
Leap. 
RED PINE. See Prive. 
REDPOLEH. ‘Two British song-birds, of the 
linnet genus and finch family of passerinze.—The 
smaller or common redpole, Linota linaria, is the 
smallest of the British linnets; and has a total 
length of 44 inches. The upper part of the body 
is brown, spotted with black; the wing is tra- 
versed by two white bands ; its throat is black ; 
the breast and the top of the head of the adult 
male are red; and the rump also is sometimes 
red. This bird resides throughout the year in 
Scotland and the north of England; and appears 
in small flocks from Michaelmas till April in the 
south of England. It feeds on the buds of trees, 
and on willow, birch, and alder catkins; and, 
when it lives in flocks, it sometimes inflicts se- 
vere injury on plantations. Its nest is built in 
a bush or low tree, and consists of moss and dried 
grass and willow catkin down. Its eggs amount 
to 4 or 5, and have a pale bluish green colour, 
spotted with orange brown.—The larger or mealy 
or stone redpole, Linota canescens, is regarded by 
some naturalists as only a larger variety of the 
common species. It is about 5} inches long; 
and it differs from the common redpole, both in 
the size of the bill and in some tints of the 
plumage. 
RED-RAG. See Rust and Minpew. 
RED RATTLE. See Rarrix. 
RED ROBIN. See Rust and Miupew. 
RED SANDSTONE. See Gronoey. 
RED SAUNDERS WOOD. See Prerocarrus. 
REDSHANK,—scientifically Totanus. A ge- 
nus of birds, of the gralle order, Their form is 
light ; their legs are long; only a small part of 
their thumb rests on the ground ; their external 
web is well-marked; their bill is slender, solid, 
round, and pointed ; their nasal fosse do not 
extend through more than one half of their bill ; 
and their upper mandible is slightly arcuated 
near the end. The several species occur through- 
