ROTATION 
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dunging in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh and 
| other large towns), it is quite possible to pursue 
| it; but no farm of Scotland could practise it on 
its own resources. The straw off two acres will 
| not sufficiently manure one; and that being 
i the case, without extraneous assistance, the 
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|| fallow division of a four-course shift cannot be 
|; manured as it ought to be.” Yet, on the one 
hand, mere farm-yard manuring is not so very 
greatly controlled in its action by climate as this 
statement would seem to imply,—and may, in 
|| all unfavourable districts, be powerfully aided or 
supplemented by the use of special manures; 
| and, on the other hand, difference of climate tells, 
| not only against the pure Norfolk husbandry, 
but against all constant alternations of green 
| crop and white crop, no matter how diversified 
|| the former may be, and even though rigid care 
| be exercised to carry all the diversity of white 
‘| turnip, Swedish turnip, potatoes, tares, clover, 
| pulse and other green crops regularly over each 
| field on the farm. 
The approved rotations in use on strong good 
clay soils are very numerous and diversified. A 
simple and unintermitted alternation of wheat 
and beans is practised in some parts of Kent and 
| Essex, and in a few places in Germany; and 
when maintained on soil thoroughly adapted to 
| it, and with ample supplies of suitable manure, 
| and with assiduous plying of the horse-hoe and 
| the hand-hoe, and during no longer a period than 
| 
| 
| while the land keeps properly clean and yields a 
| full produce, it is generally the most profitable 
|| course of cropping which can possibly be followed. 
| Anexcellent rotation, based on the alternation of 
| | wheat and beans, and adapted to the same kinds 
of soil, but much more extensively practicable, 
and comprising important cleaning and amelior- 
|| ating interpolations, consists of 1. bare or turnip 
fallow, 2. wheat, 3. clover and ryegrass, 4. oats, 5. 
drilled beans, and 6. wheat,—and apportions one 
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good dose of manure to the fallow-year and another 
preparatorily to the beans; and this rotation or 
a slight modification of it, with disposal of the 
| clover and ryegrass of the third year in either 
hay, soiling, or pasture, as may be found most 
| expedient, is a very favourite rotation on the 
heavy soils of the Lothians. Another rotation 
| suitable for the same soils, but still more exten- 
_ sive, and possessing the recommendation of being 
manageable with a smaller number of horses 
than the preceding, and therefore at less expense, 
consists of 1. bare or turnip fallow, 2. wheat, 3. 
drilled beans, 4. barley, 5. clover and ryegrass, 
6. oats, 7. drilled beans, and 8. wheat; and appor- 
tions one good dose of manure to the fallow year, a 
| second to the clover stubble of the fifth year, and 
a third to the drilled beans of the seventh year. 
“ On clay lands of the best quality, and in situa- 
tions where manure is plentiful,” says Mr. Don- 
aldson, “a favourite rotation has been,—1. fal- 
low, 2. wheat, 3. clover, 4. oats, 5. beans drilled 
and hoed, and 6. wheat. The manure may be 
OF CROPS. | 
applied on the oat stubble, or in the spring with 
the beans, if the nature of the land will admit. 
In the most favoured situations, this rotation is 
well adapted for alternation, and for keeping the 
land clean and in proper tilth. The four years’ 
course of 1. fallow, 2. wheat, 3. clover, pease, or 
beans and tares, arid 4. oats, is much esteemed 
by many eminent cultivators, and may suit on 
lands of good quality; but the recurrence of the 
same crop is too frequent on land of any quality, 
and it is gradually giving way to a more extend- 
ed rotation. Where the land is loamy and suffi- 
ciently mellow to admit the growth of barley, 
rotations of six and eight years have been fol- 
lowed, and include a greater change of plants 
from that circumstance,—l. fallow, 2. wheat, 3. 
beans or pease, 4. barley, 5. clover, 6. wheat or 
oats; or, 1. fallow, 2. wheat, 3. pease, 4. barley, 
5. hay, and 6. oats. Here the clover crop is too 
far removed from the fallowing process, which 
supposes the land in the best state of preparation | 
for the reception of these small and tender seeds. 
A shorter course is sometimes used,—1. fallow, 2. 
barley, 3. clover, 4. beans or pease and tares, and 
5. wheat; and also, 1. fallow, 2. barley, 3. pease, 
beans, and tares, and 4. wheat ; or, 1. fallow, 2. 
wheat, 3. pease, and 4. oats. These courses may be 
varied alternately with clovers in the third year. 
The longer courses most approved are,—l. fal- 
low, 2. barley, 3. beans, 4. wheat, 5.tares, 6. bar- | 
ley, dunged on stubble, 7. clover, 8. beans, and 
9. wheat; and 1. fallow, 2. wheat, 3. beans, 4. 
barley, 5. clover, dunged, 6. oats, 7. beans, and 
8. wheat. This course may be reduced to six 
years, by not dunging the clover ley and making 
oats the last crop. And also,—l. fallow, 2. bar- 
ley, 3. clover, 4. beans, dunged, 5. wheat, 6. tares, 
and 7. wheat. The two wheat crops are too near | 
each other, and the fifth crop might take the i 
place of the second. Another course has been 
used,—1. fallow, 2. wheat, 3. beans, 4. barley, 5. 
clover, dunged, 6. oats, 7. beans, drilled, and 8. 
wheat. If the land be clean and in tilth for 
clovers, this rotation claims much merit, and 
may be improved by exchanging the fourth and 
the second crops for each other. The following 
course possesses much merit, and joins bean and 
pasturage farming,—a circumstance seldom met 
with, and which would rarely be allowed,—1. 
fallow, dunged, 2. wheat, 3. grass, 4. grass, 5. | 
oats, 6. beans, drilled and hoed, and 7. barley. | 
In many places the land is much too hard and 
stiff for barley, and then the course of four and 
five years with beans and oats may be adopted. | 
On the inferior soils of this description, the fol- 
lowing course may be usefully employed,—1. fal- 
low, 2. wheat, 3. and 4. clovers, trefoils, seeds, or 
cinquefoil, and 5. wheat or oats, beans, pease, 
and tares. The seed crops may be prolonged if 
thought fit, and form a course of six years. An- 
other rotation for inferior clays has been com- 
mended,—l. fallow, 2. oats, 3. 4. and 5. grass, 6. 
beans, drilled, and 7. wheat; and also, 1. fallow, | 
SS 
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