116 
SALLOW. 
in keeping the mouth moist, and in softening 
and empulping food during mastication. It is 
secreted partly by the parotid gland, situated 
below and before the ear,—partly by the sub- 
maxillary glands, situated under the jaw,—partly 
by the sublingual glands, situated under the 
tongue,—and partly by a number of small glands, 
situated on every part of the mouth, cheek, and 
lips. These glands, especially the principal ones, 
bear the name of salivary glands; and are liable 
to inflammation and swelling from catarrh; and 
occasionally become the seat of concretions, 
consisting chiefly of carbonate of lime. Saliva 
contains about 99°3 per cent. of water, and 0:7 of 
very complicated and somewhat variable solid 
matter. The saliva of man contains very little 
carbonate of soda; but that of sheep contains so 
much, that it effervesces with acids. The solid 
matter of saliva, in general, contains a large pro- 
portion of muriate of potash, much smaller pro- 
portions of the sulphate, the carbonate, the ace- 
tate, and the sulphocyanate of potash, and a 
minute quantity of some animal principle which 
some chemists suppose to be osmazome. 
SALIX. See Witnow, Osrer, and Satiow. 
SALLENDERS. See Matienpers. 
SALLOW. Species of willow which are not 
flexible like osiers, but which form rough bushes 
or large trees. A number of different kinds of 
sallows grow wild in the hedges, and moist 
grounds, and marshy woods of Britain; and are 
useful for various economical purposes, and afford 
material for making the best kind of charcoal. 
See the article Wittow. 
SALLOW-THORN. See Bucx-Tuorn (Sza). 
SALMON,—salmo salar,—a celebrated fish be- 
longing to the trout genus, which inhabits the 
northern seas, and ascends the rivers in spring 
for the purpose of depositing its spawn. The 
excellence of its flesh is well known, but it varies 
somewhat in different waters. In certain dis- 
tricts, the abundance of this fish forms a great 
source of wealth to the inhabitants, and it often 
forms a chief article of sustenance. The salmon 
inhabits the European coasts, from Spitzbergen 
to Western France, but is never seen in the 
Mediterranean. On the western shores of the 
Atlantic it is found from Greenland to the Hud- 
son, but is exceedingly rare in the latter river, 
and never penetrates father south. It ascends 
the St. Lawrence to lake Ontario, and enters 
the tributaries of that lake; but the fall of Nia- 
gara presents a barrier to its further progress 
into the continent. In the North Pacific the 
salmon again makes its appearance, and fre- 
quents, in vast numbers, the rivers of North- 
western America, Kamtschatka, and Hastern 
Asia. A cold climate and’ clear water seem to 
be most congenial to its constitution. The sal- 
mon grows to the length of about four feet, and 
usually attains a weight of from 30 to 70 pounds. 
The body is elongated and compressed; the 
colour silvery-grey, with spots; the head of mo- 
SALPIXANTHA. 
derate size, and the upper jaw rather the longest. 
Almost all parts of the mouth, and even the 
tongue, are furnished with pointed teeth, as in 
the other trouts, and, like them, it has an adipose 
fin upon the lower part of the back. All the 
trouts are voracious and carnivorous, and in 
general seek the purest water. As soon as the 
ice melts, the salmon enters the mouths of rivers, 
-and, as has been ascertained, almost always of 
those which gave them birth. They swim usu- 
ally in immense bodies, in the middle of the 
stream, and near the surface: their progress is 
slow, and they make a great noise in sporting, 
if the weather be fine. They are easily fright- 
ened, either by a sudden noise or floating timber, 
and on such occasions sometimes turn aside from 
their course and return to the sea. When farther 
advanced, they make the most determined efforts 
to surmount rapids and cascades, and will leap a 
fall of twelve or fifteen feet in perpendicular 
height. If alarmed, they dart away with such 
rapidity that the eye can scarcely follow them. 
The velocity of this motion has been proved to 
equal twenty-five to thirty miles per hour. They 
penetrate far into the interior of the continents, 
and deposit their spawn in the lakes, &., about 
the head-waters of the longest rivers. When 
the young are about a foot in length, they de- 
scend the rivers and take refuge in the ocean. 
Late in the following spring or in the beginning 
of summer, and after the old ones have ascend- 
ed, the young again enter the rivers, and are 
then about eighteen inches in length. They 
again seek the ocean on the return of frosts. 
At two years old, the salmon weighs six or eight 
| pounds ; and it requires five or six years to attain | 
the weight of ten or twelve. The salmon-fishery 
is one of the most important branches of business 
in the north of Europe. Immense quantities of 
this fish are taken every year, and form a con- 
siderable accession to the general mass of nutri- 
ment. The flesh is bright orange, but, though 
delicious to the taste, and very much sought 
after, is difficult of digestion. 
SALPIGLOSSIS. A genus of ornamental, 
exotic plants, of the nightshade family. They 
first became known in Britain in 1824; and they 
came rapidly and generally into notice among 
all classes of florists. They are principally an- 
nuals of from 12 to 30 inches in height; and are 
remarkable for diversity of colour, and for a 
singular sportiveness and instability of charac- 
ter. Any single sowing, even without any at- 
tempt being made to intermix pollen, may pro- 
duce many varieties in both shape and colour. 
Some of the kinds most generally esteemed—for 
whether they be species or varieties cannot casily 
be determined—are those called S. pieta, S. hy- 
brida, S. atropurpurea, S. cerulea, and S. Barclay- 
ana, the first two with violet flowers, and the 
others with respectively purple, blue, and yellow 
flowers. 
SALPIXANTHA. A genus of ornamental, 
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