grisea, is awell-known inhabitant of the sandy sea- 
shores of Britain. Its winter plumage is ash-col- 
oured above and white beneath, and -has blackish 
spots on the front of the neck and the breast. 
Three other species are Tringa islandica, with 
summer plumage, spotted above, fawn-colour and 
blackish,—Zvinga neevia, about as large as a 
|. snipe, with the coverts of the tail always white 
striped with black,—and 7ringa maritima, some- 
what smaller than the preceding, with grey up- 
per surface, blackish mantle, whitish belly, and 
whitishly undulated wings. 
SANDSTONE. See Freu-Sronz. 
SAND WORT,—botanically Arenaria. A genus 
of ornamental plants, of the carnation family. 
Six species grow wild in Britain ; about 70 have 
been introduced from other countries, principally 
Continental Europe and Western Asia; and 
about 90 more are known. A few of the intro- 
duced species are hardy annuals, principally 
with purple or red flowers; and a great majority 
of the others are hardy, evergreen, herbaceous 
perennials, almost all white-flowered and be- 
tween 2 and 8 inches high. 
The mediate sandwort, or sea-spurrey sand- 
wort, Arenaria media, is an annual weed of the 
sea-coasts and salt-marshes of Britain. The root 
is fusiform; many succulent, leafy-stems of 3 
inches or so in height, arise from each root ; the’ 
leaves are convex and smooth; the flowers are 
minute and of a purple colour, and bloom in 
July; and the seeds are flat, round, and smooth, 
and have a membranous border. This plant 
possesses a considerable resemblance to samphire ; 
and is sold and pickled, in considerable quanti- 
ties, as a substitute for it.—The vernal sand- 
wort, A. verna, is a perennial-rooted evergreen 
herb of the mountains of Britain, and has a length 
of about 3 inches, and carries white flowers from 
May till August.—The fine-leaved sandwort, A. 
tenuifolia, is an annual weed of the sandy fields 
of some parts of England, and has a height of 5 
or 6 inches, and carries white flowers in June 
and July. Three varieties of it have been intro- 
duced from France.—The fascicled or fastigiate 
sandwort, A. fasciculata, is a curious annual weed 
of the mountains of some parts of Scotland, and 
has a height of about 6 inches, and carries white 
flowers in June.—The red sandwort, A. rubra, is 
an annual indigen of sandy fields in both Eng- 
land and Scotland, and is smaller than even the 
mediate sandwort, and carries purple flowers 
from June till August.—The larch-leaved sand- 
wort, A. laricifolia, is a herbaceous, evergreen 
perennial of Britain, and hasa height of about 
3 inches, and carries white flowers in August. 
SANGUINARIA. See Bioopwort. 
SANGUISORBA. See Great Burnet. 
SANICLE,—botanically Sanicula. A small 
genus of hardy, perennial-rooted, herbaceous 
plants, of the umbelliferous order. The Europe- 
an or wood sanicle, S. europea, is an abundant 
weed of the groves and woods of Britain. Its 
SAP. 143 
root is tufted with fleshy fibres; its stem is from 
12 to 24 inches high; its leaves grow for the most 
part from the root-crown, and are simple, deeply 
cloven or lobed, and of a dark shining green col- 
our; its umbels are capitate, and form an irre- 
gular, twice-compound, umbellate panicle; and 
its flowers have a creamy white colour, and 
bloom in June and July. This plant has bitter, 
acrid, pungent, and somewhat aromatic proper- 
ties ; and it was formerly regarded as a valuable 
vulnerary ; and it thence obtained the name of 
sanicle, from a Latin word signifying “ to heal.” 
SANSEVIERA. A genus of exotic, evergreen, 
herbaceous plants, of the day-lily tribe,—The 
Ceylon species, S. zeylanica, was introduced to 
the hothouses of Britain in the former part of 
last century. Its root is perennial; its stem is 
about 2 feet high ; and its flowers have a herba- 
ceous colour, and bloom from midsummer till 
November. 
given in India to young children to clear their 
throats of viscid phlegm. The root has a warm- 
ish taste and a not unpleasant odour, and is 
made into an electuary by the Indian pharma- 
cists for the cure or alleviation of chronic coughs 
and pulmonary complaints. The tough stringy 
fibres are manufactured by the Hindoos into 
very valuable cordage of various sizes; and the 
plant is also capable of being made the material 
of a pretty good paper—About a dozen other 
species, all of curious appearance, and most | 
about 2 feet high, have been introduced to Bri- 
tish hothouse collections; and a small, ornamen- 
tal, Chinese species, S. carnea, about 6 inches 
high, and carrying flesh-coloured flowers from 
March till June, has been introduced to a place 
on the open flower border. 
SANTALUM. See Sanpat-Woop. 
SANTOLINA. See LavenprR Corron. 
SANVITALIA. A small genus of ornamental 
plants, of the sunflower-division of the composite 
order. The procumbent species, S. procumbens, 
is a beautiful, trailing, yellow-flowered, late- 
blooming, hardy annual ; and was introduced to 
Britain about 50 years ago from Mexico ; and 
will thrive in any common garden soil. 
SAP. The liquid which ascends from the 
spongioles to the leaves of plants, and which 
contains all the principles of their nourish- 
ment, which they derive from or through the 
soil. See the articles ABsorpTion In PLANTS, 
Ascent of Sap, Campium, ALBURNUM, Foop oF 
Puants, and Nutrition. The sap in plants is 
somewhat analogous to the chyme and the chyle 
in animals ; just as the cambium which the sap 
goes to form performs analogous functions to the 
blood which the chyme and the chyle go to form ; 
yet the analogy is very far from being complete, 
and must not be pushed such a length as to con- 
found any of the broad and essential distinctions 
between vegetable and animal organism. See 
the article ANaLoey. 
Sap, in so far as it has been examined, is in 
The juice of its tender shoots is | 
