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TILE. 
the spring, and properly wetted, and finally 
spatted down and smoothed by the spade, and 
the whole heap well covered with litter to keep 
if moist and fit for use through the ensuing sea- 
son. One man and three boys will turn out from 
Hatcher’s machine nearly 11,000 pipe tiles of 
one-inch bore in a day of ten hours, and so in 
proportion for pipes of a larger diameter. This 
machine, also, has the great advantage of being 
moveable; and those who work it draw it along 
the shed in which the tiles are deposited for dry- 
ing previously to their being burnt. Hach tile, 
therefore, is handled only once,—for it is taken 
off the machine by the little boys, who stand on 
each side, and at once placed in the rows on 
either side of the drying shed; so that the use 
of shelves in the sheds is wholly unnecessary,— 
for the tiles soon acquire a solidity to bear row 
upon row till they reach the roof of the sheds on 
either side; and they dry without warping or 
losing their shape in any way. The pug-mill is 
necessary to ensure the due mixing of the clay, 
as well as to form it into the exact shape to fill 
the cylinders of the machine; and it must be 
worked by a horse; and in general one day’s 
work at the mill will furnish rather more pre- 
pared clay than the machine will turn into tiles 
in two days. The only sheds necessary for dry- 
ing the tiles are of a temporary kind, and may 
be made of ordinary farm-hurdles, without either 
diminishing their value or occasioning any seri- 
ous inconvenience from their temporary appro- 
priation. The sides of the sheds may be formed 
of strong hurdles pitched firmly in the ground 
in two parallel straight lines, 7 feet apart; and 
the roof may be formed of hurdles placed end- 
ways and tied together at the top, as well as to 
the upper slit of the hurdle, with strong tarred 
twine, forming the ridge of the roof exactly over 
the middle of the shed; and the hurdles must 
then be lightly thatched with straw or heath, 
and the sharpness of this roof will effectually 
protect the tiles from rain. Two of these sheds, 
each 110 feet long, will keep one kiln in full 
work; and they should be so built as to have 
one end close to the pug-mill and the clay-heap, 
only leaving just room for the horse to work the 
mill, and the other end near the kiln. The kiln 
is circular; 11 feet in diameter, and 7 feet high. 
It is wholly built of damp earth, rammed firmly 
together, and plastered inside and out with loam. 
The earth to form the walls is dug out round the 
base, leaving a circular trench about 4 feet wide 
and as many deep, into which the fire-holes of 
the kiln open. If wood be the fuel used, three 
fire-holes are sufficient; if coal, four will be 
needed. About 1,200 common bricks are wanted 
to build these fire-holes and flues. If coal is 
used, rather fewer bricks will be wanted, but 
then some iron bars are necessary—six bars to 
each fire-hole. The earthen walls are 4 feet 
thick at the floor of the kiln, and are 7 feet 
high, and taper to the thickness of 2 feet at the 
TILLAGE. 451 
top; and this will determine the slope of the | 
exterior face of the kiln. The inside of the wall 
is carried up perpendicularly, and the loam plas- 
tering inside becomes, after the first burning, 
like a brick wall. The kiln may be safely erected 
in March, or whenever the danger of injury from 
frost is over; and after the summer use of it, it 
must be protected by faggots or litter against the 
wet and the frost of winter. A kiln of these 
dimensions will contain 47,000 pipe tiles of 1 
inch bore, 32,500 of 17 inch bore, 20,000 of 13 
inch bore, or 12,000 of 24 inches bore, and the 
last-mentioned size will hold the same number 
of the inch pipes inside of them, making there- 
fore 24,800 of both sizes. In good weather the 
kiln can be filled, burnt, and discharged once 
every fortnight; and 15 kilns may be obtained 
in a good season, producing—705,000 pipe tiles 
of 1 inch bore, 487,500 of 1; inch bore, or 300,000 
of 1# inch bore; and so on in proportion for 
other sizes. If a kiln of larger diameter be 
built, there must be more fire-holes, and addi- 
tional shed room. Prize Essays of somewhat 
detailed character, on the manufacture of drain- 
tiles in more extensive establishments or by more 
elaborate processes than we have described, oc- 
cur in the 12th and 14th volumes of the Highland 
Society’s Transactions. 
TILE-DRAINING. See Drainine. 
TILE - ROOT, — botanically Getssorhiza. A 
genus of ornamental, bulbous-rooted, Cape-of- 
Good-Hope plants, of the iris order. About a 
dozen species have been introduced to the green- 
houses of Britain, varying in height from 6 to 20 
inches, carrying either white, yellow, blue, violet, 
or variegated flowers, most blooming in the early 
or middle part of summer, and almost all loving 
a mixed soil of sand and peat and loam, and pro- 
pagable from offsets. 
TILIA. See Limu-Tree. 
TILL. A hard, obdurate, retentive boulder- 
clay,—or a stiff, refractory, impervious, clayey 
subsoil, imbedding a considerable quantity of 
gravel, or interspersed with pebbly and boul- 
dery water-worn stones. It is a variety of the 
drift or diluvium of geologists, and constitutes 
one of the most churlish subsoils of farmers. 
The word, however, is provincial, and probably 
has different shades of meaning in different dis- 
tricts. 
TILLAIA. A small genus of curious herba- 
ceous plants, of the crassulaceous order. The 
mossy species, 7’. mescosa, is an indigen of the 
barren sandy heaths of some parts of England. 
It is a minute succulent annual, of only an inch 
or two in height, and carries pellucid flowers 
from June till October. 
TILLAGE. Breaking up, turning over, stir- 
ring, pulverizing, and otherwise working the soil 
preparatorily to the raising of crops from seeds, 
offsets, or other germs. The principal operations 
of it are ploughing, grubbing, harrowing, rolling, 
and horse-hoeing; and a very complete close 
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