452 TILLANDSIA. 
series of them occurs in summer-fallowing. See 
the articles Proveuine, Proven, Harrow, Grus- 
BER, Roniine, Router, Horrne, Horse-Hor, Fat- 
Low, Punverization, and Drini-Huspannry. 
TILLANDSIA. A genus of ornamental, tro- 
pical, herbaceous plants, of the bromelia family. 
_About 30 species have been introduced to Bri- 
tish gardens from the tropical and subtropical 
regions of America; and about 20 more are 
known. Almost all are epiphytes, and naturally 
vegetate among the black mould which collects 
in hot moist countries upon the bark of trees; 
and some form dense festoons among the branches 
of trees, and in deep and gloomy forests. Those 
in British gardens vary in height from a few 
inches to 6 or 8 feet; most love a soil of sandy 
peat, and are propagated from suckers; the ma- 
jority have blue flowers, and the rest either pur- 
ple, pink, yellow, or white flowers; and a few 
bloom in autumn or the early part of winter, 
but most in June and July. Among the most 
beautiful or otherwise interesting are the moss- 
like, 7’. usneordes, purple-flowered, July-blooming, 
and commonly 6 or 8 feet high, introduced from 
the West Indies in 1823; the xiphium-like or 
sweet-smelling, 7. xiphiordes, white-flowered, 
July-blooming, and commonly about two spans 
high, introduced from Buenos Ayres in 1810; 
the strict, 7’. stricta, blue-flowered, either No- 
vember-blooming or spring-blooming according 
to treatment, and commonly about 10 inches 
high, introduced from Brazil in 1810; the fair, 
T. pulchra, pink-flowered, November-blooming, 
and commonly about 10 inches high, introduced 
from Trinidad in 1823; the bulbous, 7. bulbosa, 
blue-flowered, August-blooming, and commonly 
about 6 or 8 inches high, introduced from Trini- 
dad in 1823; the bladdered, 7. uérzculata, pale- 
yellow - flowered, and commonly about 2 feet 
high, introduced from South America in 1793; 
and the flexuose, 7’. flexuosa, blue-flowered, June- 
blooming, commonly about a foot high, intro- 
duced from the West Indies in 1790, and com- 
prising a yellow-flowered variety, 7. f. pallida, 
introduced in 1815. Some of the species may be 
cultivated in the manner of air plants; and most 
require similar treatment, and make similar dis- 
plays, to the epiphytous, tropical orchidacez. See 
the articles Arr-Puants and Orcuis. The strict 
species, while one of the most handsome, is one 
of the most easily cultivated, and forms a tempt- 
ing subject to a beginner in tender, epiphytous 
floriculture. In June, it may be taken out of 
the stove, and suspended from a wall in the open 
air; from June till the decline of autumn, it 
should remain in this position without either 
protection, watering, or any other attention; in 
October, it will be found withered, discoloured, 
and seemingly half-dead, and must then be sub- 
mitted to a full and regular course of house-pro- 
tection, heat, and moisture; in a few weeks, it 
will lose all trace of its previous sufferings, and 
display a rich healthy vegetation; and, after 
TIMBER. 
throwing out suckers on each side, it will shoot | 
up its spikes of bright blue flowers, and bloom 
from March till the end of April, and then hard-, 
en and droop and become ripe for removal to the 
open air in June. 
TILLERING. The branching of the culms of 
the cereal grasses or pulse plants from the root 
crown, or the rising of several shoots or stems 
from one seed. This depends partly on the con- 
stitutional proliferousness of species or varieties, 
partly on favourable circumstances of soil, situa- 
tion, climate, and weather, and partly on the 
character of the tillage, the manner of sowing, 
the depth of the seed, and the aggregate circum- 
stances of the husbandry ; and, in a general view, 
it occurs vastly oftener and far more powerfully 
under the most improved methods of drill-culture 
than under the old slovenly methods of broadcast 
culture. 
TILLS. Common cultivated vetches. 
TILTH. The condition into which the soil is 
worked by tillage, or the fitness which it pos- 
sesses for the incorporation of manure and the 
reception of seed. 
TIMBER. The wood or solid substance of 
the stems and branches of shrubs and trees. 
The name is applied loosely and popularly to all 
felled or cut wood which can be used for fuel, 
paling, or any ordinary purpose of art or econo- 
my, and strictly and technically to wood of at 
least 8 inches in diameter or 2 feet in circum- 
ference, such as can be employed in some depart- 
ment of carpentry. A plant which furnishes 
timber in the former sense may be only a shrub 
or a sapling, while that which furnishes it in the 
latter sense must be a tree; and a great tract of 
the former may be only a thicket or a coppice, 
while a great tract of the latter must be a forest. . 
The heart-wood or main body of timber is noticed 
in the article DuramEN; the sap-wood or soft 
exterior layer, in the article ArnurNumM; the 
sheath which envelopes and protects the whole, 
in the article Bark; the cultivation and man- 
agement of the plants which yield it, in the arti- 
cles Forusts, Puanration, Piantine, Prunine, 
Feiuine, Coppice, Barxine, TREE, Woop, Dry- 
Ror, Kyanizine, Oak, Him, and a multitude of 
others; and some of the most interesting facts 
and phenomena connected with the natural his- 
tory of these plants, in the articles Acz or Pianrs, 
ABSORPTION or Puants, Ascent or Sap, CamBium, 
CeLiuLaR Tissun, Lianin, AsHus, Resin, CANKER, 
and many others. 
The entire substance of timber, exclusive of 
water and of gummy, resinous, oleaginous, saline, 
and extractive secretions, consists of cellular 
tissue and of woody fibre,—the former consti- 
tuting its tissue, and the latter constituting its 
filling-up or main-bulk. ‘The distinction be- 
tween these two elements of wood,” says M. 
Boussingault, “was first made by M. Mohl; 
but M. Payen was the first who fixed the opin- 
ion of chemists and of vegetable physiologists 
