462 
TINCTURES. 
knife, and, when bent backward and forward, 
produces a peculiar crackling noise ; it is inferior 
to several metals in ductility and tenacity, but 
possesses a very high degree of malleability ; it 
has a specific gravity of 7°299 after being ham- 
mered, and of 7:291 after being melted; and it 
fuses at 442° Fahrenheit, is not volatilized from 
a state of fusion, crystallizes in rhombs when 
allowed to cool, and takes fire and burns with a 
white flame when heated to a full degree of red- 
ness. It forms a protoxide, while in a state of 
fusion, or under the action of any one of many 
acids; it passes into peroxide by combustion at 
a full red heat; and it readily combines in two 
proportions with both chlorine and sulphur, so 
| as to form chlorides and sulphurets. 
Pure or nearly pure melted tin, when briskly 
agitated in a heated mortar or wooden box till it 
cools, settles into a powdery form of very little 
lustre, commonly called tin powder or tin filings ; 
and this substance has a place in the pharmaco- 
poeias as a powerful anthelmintic, and as an old 
and indirect remedy for hysteria and hypochon- 
driasis. Thin plates of iron, coated with tin by 
means of immersion in it while in a state of fu- 
sion, constitute the well-known white-iron or 
sheet-tin of the arts, so extensively used for 
making canisters, saucepans, and hundreds of 
other utensils. Alloys of tin and other metals 
constitute pewter, solder, bronze, and bell-metal. 
The peroxide of tin, when melted with glass, 
forms a white enamel. 
TINCAL. See Borares. 
»TINCTURES. Alcoholic solutions of such 
proximate principles of organic: bodies as are 
soluble in proof or extra-proof spirit. Those used 
in medicine are very numerous ; and differ from 
aqueous infusions and decoctions chiefly in the 
stimulating nature of their menstruum, in the 
greater number or superior strength of their con- 
tained principles, in their freedom from tendency 
to spontaneous decomposition, and in their com- 
paratively high gratefulness to feeble or squeam- 
ish stomachs. A large proportion comprise, in 
a more or less compound state, such proximate 
principles as the saccharine, the gummy, the 
extractive, the resinous, the astringent, the acidu- 
lous, and the alkaloidal; and most never require 
more alcohol than is contained in proof spirit, 
and will even admit subsequent additions of 
water without suffering any decomposition or 
precipitation; while a few either contain such 
skittish or refractory principles as the essential 
oils, or require the constant presence of very 
strong extra-proof spirit in order to the main- 
tenance of their proper character. Tinctures 
are made by macerating dried and bruised in- 
gredients, chiefly of a vegetable kind, during 
from six to fourteen days, in a temperature not 
exceeding 80° Fahrenheit ; and are then filtered 
through bibulous paper, and afterwards kept in 
well-stopped bottles. Few tinctures are suitable 
remedies in any cases of acute disease ; and most, 
| tively corn, clothes, and fur. 
TINEA. 
when long or often used in chronic cases, are 
liable to create an appetite for dram-drinking ; 
and only such as those of digitalis, myrrh, opium, 
and aloes are serviceable in veterinary medicine, 
—and then, not for internal administration, but 
as applications to wounds or inflamed surfaces. | 
See the article AtcoHot. 
TINE. A large tooth or spike of a harrow, a 
grubber, or any similar implement. 
TINEA. A genus of moths, constituting the 
type of the family Teneidz. The moths of this 
family are great in number, small in size, and 
very mischievous in habits; and they comprise 
some species which abound in dwelling-houses, 
and work some serious and well-known devasta- 
tions. Their palpi amount to four, and are com- 
monly distinct, and not concealed by hairs or 
scales ; their upper wings are long and narrow, 
and, when closed, assume the form of a rounded 
ridge, as if they had been moulded on the body, 
—and sometimes incline on the sides almost 
perpendicularly,— and often stand up at the 
hinder extremity like a cock’s tail; and their 
under wings are proportionally large, and gene- 
rally plaited. The caterpillars are quite or nearly 
smooth, and have each sixteen feet, and live in 
habitations which are generally made of the 
same substances as their food, and have a curious 
fabrication, and are in some instances fixed, and 
in others carried about in the same sort of way 
as snails carry their shells. Two species are very 
destructive to bee-hives; and three to respec- 
See the articles 
Wax-Mors, Corn- Morn, Croturs-Morn, and 
Fur-Moru. 
The genus tinea, as distinguished from the 
other genera of the Teneide, may be known by 
the inferior palpi scarcely projecting beyond the 
forehead, by the proboscis being very short, and 
formed of two small membranous and disjointed 
threads, and by the head being furnished with a 
crest. It comprises the corn-moth, the clothes- 
moth, the fur-moth, the destroying-moth, and 
about twelve or thirteen other British species, 
all of which are greater or less pests in granaries 
and dwelling-houses. Each, in general, lives and 
feeds on some particular substance in preference 
to all other substances; yet most can accommo- 
date themselves to a wide variety of circum- 
stances, and may, in a limited sense, be pro- 
nounced miscellaneous feeders or general de- 
vourers. ‘They sometimes,*says Mr. Duncan, 
“appear under circumstances where it is ex- 
tremely difficult to account for their having 
obtained access, so as not to render it surprising 
that the belief should be so general, that they 
are bred or generated (that is to say, spon- 
taneously) in the substances where they are 
found. This notion, however, cannot for a mo- 
ment be entertained ; and any object liable to 
their attacks, such as a piece of fur, if so firmly 
closed up that the parent moths cannot find 
entrance, will remain in perfect security, unless 
