TOCOCA. 
favourite powder, would sicken him with disgust. 
And many of the most recherchés and fashionable 
snuffs are of this description. It is said that the 
human senses may be gradually brought to: any 
degree of depravity ; and in nothing is this more 
evident than in snuff-taking. Nauseous odours 
are considered delicious, and the vilest com- 
pounds, have they but a name, eulogised as most 
exquisite. There is a musty, overpowering, am- 
moniacal smell arising from snuff in large masses 
kept for years in close vessels; and this odious 
exhalation is one of the delights of the snuff- 
taker. Old snuff is, therefore, prized beyond 
measure; and what in any other vegetable pro- 
duction would render it only fit for the dunghill, 
is in snuff deemed its highest excellence. 
TOCOCA. A small genus of ornamental, tro- 
| pical, evergreen shrubs, of the melastoma family. 
Aublet’s species, and the woolly, the former 
| pinkish-flowered and the latter white-flowered, 
|| and both about 3 feet high, blooming in autumn, 
|| thriving best in a soil of peaty loam, and propa- 
|| gable from cuttings, have been introduced to the 
| hothouses of Britain from respectively Guiana 
|| and Trinidad. 
| OFIELDIA. A genus of curious and orna- 
| mental, evergreen, herbaceous plants, of the me- 
lanthium tribe. An indigenous species is noticed 
in the article Scorcu AspHopEL; four hardy spe- 
cies of from 2 to 6 inches in height, have been 
introduced to British collections from North 
America and Northern Europe; and several other 
species are known. 
TOLPIS. A genus of ornamental, hardy, an- 
nual plants, of the succory division of the com- 
posite order. Five species, varying in height 
from 1 foot to 4 feet, and all thriving in any 
common soil, and carrying either yellow or yellow 
and purple flowers in June and July, have been 
introduced to Britain from Continental Europe. 
TOLU (Bausam or). See Myroxynon. 
TOMATO. See Love APPLE. 
TOMICUS. A genus of coleopterous insects of 
the bostrichide or wood-eating family. See the 
article Bostricnipz. The antenne of a tomicus 
cannot be folded under the eyes; the club is dis- 
tinctly annulated; the head is rounded above 
and almost globular; the side of the thorax is 
emarginated; the tibie are not striated; the 
tarsi, at most, are as long as the tibiew ; the eyes 
are elongated and somewhat emarginated ; and 
the body is cylindrical. Eleven species are known 
to inhabit Britain ; all frequent coniferous trees 
of the pine and fir family ; and some occasionally 
commit great devastations in other countries; 
but none are recorded to have done any consi- 
derable mischief in Britain. The printing spe- 
cies, Tomicus typographus, so called from the 
letterpress-like traces which are made by its tu- 
bular bores or paths, is a rare insect in Britain, 
but abounds in many continental countries, and 
has there won a bad fame by its havoc upon 
forests. It is popularly known in Germany un- 
TONGUE. 
der the name of the Turk; and is recorded to 
have appeared in prodigious multitudes in the 
Hartz pine forests in the years 1757, 1769, and 
1783,—and to have, in the last of these years, 
destroyed not fewer than a million and a half of 
trees, and occasioned a disastrous falling off in 
the supply of fuel throughout the circumjacent 
country. 
TONGUE. The muscular organ which, in 
man, forms the principal articulations of speech, 
and which, both in man and in the inferior ani- 
mals, disposes the food for mastication between 
the grinders, collects it after mastication, forms 
it with the aid of the bars of the palate into 
pellets for deglutition, and serves as the main 
instrument and canal for the imbibition of drink. 
The tongue of some particular groups or orders 
of animals also performs some additional func- 
tions ; and that of all co-operates with the palate 
in exercising the sense of taste. Every tongue 
is muscular; and that of the higher orders of 
animals comprises a vast number of fibres, ar- 
ranged in various forms and directions, inter- 
spersed with a considerable quantity of fatty 
matter, covered with a curious, triplicate, fleshy 
envelope, and comprising a multitude of minute, 
comprehensive, and perfect adaptations to its 
various offices; and that of man, in addition, 
possesses such ramifications of nerves, such in- 
tricacies of mechanism, and such a thousand- 
fold power and nicety and volubility of action in 
subserviency to the purposes of speech, as render 
it an absolute museum of most instructive won- 
ders. The tongues of oxen and horses are alike 
held firm in their places by muscular attachment 
to the os hyovdes, a singular bone which connects 
the whole lingual organ with the larynx; but 
the ox’s tongue needs to collect the herbage in 
grazing, to roll back the gathered herbage into 
the mouth, to clean the muzzle from dirt and 
insects, and to wipe away accumulations of mor- 
bid discharge from the nostrils, and therefore has 
a very loose root of attachment, and possesses 
very great freedom of motion, and can be far and 
volubly protruded out of the mouth; while the 
horse’s tongue needs not to perform any such 
extra functions, and requires capacity to with- 
stand the restraints and abrasions of the bit, and 
therefore has a very radical attachment, and 
possesses a sort of pad on which the bit may rest, 
and is rarely protruded at all from the mouth, 
except when the vicious habit is acquired of 
licking the manger. Two bad diseases of the 
tongue of cattle and sheep are noticed in the 
articles Buarin and Aputum. A severe laceration 
or even disseverment of the tongue of the horse 
is sometimes occasioned by the awkward manner 
of administering a ball; but, in general, may 
soon be alleviated or cured by means of syringing 
with a solution of alum. A series of purplish 
vesicles sometimes forms along the under side of 
the horse’s tongue, and occasions enlargement of 
the whole organ, the copious secretion of a ropy 
