saliva, and great difficulty or even impossibility 
of deglutition; and they must be lanced freely 
| and deeply, and a little cooling medicine given 
_ to subdue accompanying or resulting symptoma- 
tic fever. 
TONIC. A medicine which increases the di- 
gestive power of an enfeebled stomach, and in 
consequence improves the general strength of a 
debilitated body. The best tonic, in any case of 
sound constitution which has merely been tempo- 
rarily invaded by an acute disease, is to let the 
system completely alone after the disease is sub- 
dued, or at best to use a little care in the selection 
of food. Tonic drugs, like cordials, are very good 
in their way, and often do great and rapid service, 
but are exceedingly liable to be abused, and 
sometimes serve as very mischievous tools in the 
hands of hasty or unskilful practitioners. In 
veterinary medicine, such mild tonics as chamo- 
mile, gentian, and ginger are the most useful, 
and the least likely to do harm, in all ordinary 
cases; such stronger tonics as cinchona, quinine, 
oak-bark, gentian, quassia, cascarilla, and car- 
bonate of iron, require some more caution and 
discrimination in their use; and such mighty 
and violent tonics as preparations of copper, zinc, 
mercury, and arsenic are suitable only in very 
particular cases, and ought never to be used at 
all except by the most intelligent practitioner 
and after the most careful consideration. 
TONQUIN BEAN. The seed of Dipterix odo- 
rata, well known to snuff-takers for the use which 
is made of it in perfuming their nose-powder. 
The Dipterix odorata is a tropical, purple-flow- 
ered, evergreen tree, belonging to the cesalpinia 
division of the leguminous order, and naturally 
attaining a height of about 60 or 70 feet. It 
was introduced from Guiana to the hothouse 
collections of Britain about 56 years ago; and it 
thrives best in a soil of rich peaty loam, and is 
propagable from cuttings. 
TONSELLA. A genus of ornamental tropical 
plants, of the hippocratea tribe. Two species, 
the climbing and the pear-shaped, both green- 
flowered, evergreen climbers of between 5 and 8 
feet in height, have been introduced to British 
hothouses from Guiana; and eight or nine other 
species are known. 
TOOTH. See Trerrn. 
TOOTHACHE-TREE,—botanically Zanthoxy- 
lum. A genus of ornamental, ligneous, exotic 
plants, of the rue family. The Hercules’ club 
species, Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, is the spe- 
cies best known in Britain, and that which origi- 
nally received the name of toothache-tree,—a 
circumstance which it owed to the reputation of 
its bark as a cure for toothache. See the article 
Hercues Cuus. The height of this shrub is 
commonly 10 or 12 feet; the bark is rough, and 
armed with short thick spines; the leaves grow 
without order on the branches, and are pinnated 
in form, and of a fine dark green colour on their 
upper surface, and yellowish underneath, and 
TORENTIA. 
have a highly ornate appearance, and present a 
general resemblance to those of the mastic-tree ; 
the folioles of each leaf amount to four or five 
pairs and a terminating odd one, and have an 
elongated lanceolate form; and the flowers come 
out in loose panicles from the ends of the branch- 
es, and are small and inconspicuous, and are 
succeeded by roundish capsules, This plant 
loves a soil of rich peaty loam, and is propagable 
from cuttings.—The ash-like, the three-capsuled, 
and the mild species, Z. fraxinium, Z. tricarpum, 
and Z. mite, are hardy deciduous shrubs, the first 
and second about 6 feet high and the third about 
10 feet high, introduced from North America at 
various periods since about the middle of last 
century ; and are best propagated from layers.— 
Ten or eleven tropical and subtropical evergreen | 
species, varying in natural height from 10 to 25 | 
feet, and mostly loving a soil of rich peaty loam | 
and propagable from cuttings, have been intro- | | 
duced principally from the two Indies; and about |; 
thirty other species are known.—A large number | 
of the species, and probably all, possess in a | 
greater or less degree acrid, stimulating, and 
tonic properties. The Hercules’ club and the 
ash-like— which some persons regard as only | 
very distinct varieties of one species—have the | 
reputation in America of being powerfully sudori- 
fic and diaphoretic, and excite copious salivation, 
not only when made to act directly on the mouth, 
but when taken internally, and have been found 
highly efficacious in paralysis of the muscles of 
the mouth; and the Caribbean species, Z. cari- 
beum, is regarded in Guiana as a cleansing vul- 
nerary and a febrifuge. 
TOOTH-TONGUE. See Opontognossum. 
TOOTHWORT,—botanically Lathrea. A small 
genus of curious plants, of the orobanche tribe. 
The scaly species, Lathrea squamaria, is a per- 
ennial-rooted, epiphytous indigen of dry shady 
spots, at the root-crowns of elms, beeches, hazels, 
and other trees, in the woods and thickets of 
many parts of Britain. It is about a foot high; 
and has white fleshy scales instead of leaves; and 
carries herbaceous-coloured flowers in April. It 
is exceedingly shy of cultivation; but may be 
brought into a rhododendron quarter by removal 
of the whole plant, together with as much as 
possible of the adhering soil, from a spot where 
it naturally grows; and may afterwards be propa- 
gated by a careful division of the roots.. 
TOP-DRESSING. A manure of any kind 
spread upon ploughed land without being turned 
in, or a fine, or comminuted or thoroughly re- 
duced or special manure sown or equally distri- 
buted upon grass land. Common kinds of top- 
dressings are soot, ashes, rape-dust, gypsum, 
common salt, and the nitrates of soda and potash. 
See the article Manure. 
TORDYLIUM. See Hartworr. 
TORE. Rowen or winter-grass. See the ar- 
ticle AFTERGRASS. 
TORENIA. A genus of curious and ornamen- 
ree me | 
