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TRACHEOTOMY. 
TRACES. See Draueut, Proven, Cart, and 
TRACTION. 
TRACHEA. See WinpPIre. 
TRACHELIUM. See THroatwort. 
TRACHEOTOMY. The formation of an arti- 
ficial opening into the windpipe. It is some- 
times required, in horses, in cases of strangles, 
of throat-tumours, and of excessive tumefaction 
of the mouth and nostrils, arising from the ef- 
fects of severe accidents,—in cattle, in cases of 
blain, of inflammation of the parotid gland, and 
peculiar tumours arising from fever,—and both 
in horses and cattle, in cases of threatened suf- 
focation from the pressure of some large piece of 
food or other substance sticking fast in the ceso- 
phagus. “ The operation,” says Delabere Blaine, 
with special reference to horses, “is a very sim- 
ple one, and may consist either in a longitudinal 
section made through two or three of the rings; 
er a portion, occupying about an inch square, 
may be excised from the anterior cartilaginous 
substance, and which latter is by far the best 
method. The integuments should he first divided 
in front of the neck three or four inches below 
the obstruction; and the integumental section 
should be sufficiently long to allow of their being 
retained back by a hook to each side, to which 
tape should be attached and tied on the crest of 
the neck above. ‘This is however only to be 
pursued when the obstruction is likely to remain 
but a few days. When a more lengthened one 
is probable, a tube adapted to the size of the 
trachea must be introduced, having an acute turn 
and a projecting rim, which must furnish holes 
for the adaptation of tapes to secure it around 
the neck.” | 
TRACHYMENE. A genus of curious and 
ornamental, exotic, evergreen shrubs and under- 
shrubs of the umbelliferous order. Four or five 
species have been introduced to the gardens of 
Britain, principally from Australia; and all love 
a soil of sandy peat, and are propagated from 
cuttings. The name trachymene signifies ‘a 
rough membrane,’ and alludes to the involucrum. 
TRADESCANTIA. See SpripERworr. 
TRAGACANTH. A medicinal gum, supposed 
to be produced by the great goat’s thorn, Aséra- 
galus tragacantha, a hardy evergreen undershrub, 
belonging to the lotus division of leguminose, 
and introduced to the gardens of Britain from 
the Levant in the year 1640. The stem of this 
plant is about an inch thick, very much branched, 
and about 2 or 3 feet high; the branches are 
closely crowded together, and have an armature 
of scales and spikes, formed from the petioles of 
the preceding year; the leaves are pinnate, each 
comprising six, seven, or eight pairs of leaflets, 
and scarcely half an inch in length, and termi- 
nating at the end of the midrib in a sharp yel- 
lowish point; the leaflets are opposite, villous, 
stiff, and pointed; and the flowers grow from 
the axils of the leaves, and are small, pale yellow, 
| and papilionaceous, and bloom from May till 
TRAINING. 
477 
July. The gum exudes in tortuous filaments 
during the heat of summer, and is allowed to 
dry on the plants before it is gathered; and it 
| is produced principally in Persia, and sent thence 
to Britain by way of Aleppo. It is whitish, 
semi-transparent, brittle, difficult of pulverisa- 
tion, inodorous, and very slightly bitter. It 
swells and softens in water, but cannot without 
special management be reduced in even a small 
degree to the state of mucilage; and it is insolu- 
ble also in alcohol and ether. It possesses de- 
mulcent properties; and is employed, in a com- 
pounded or pharmacised form, in cases of catarrh, 
hectic fever, strangury, and dysentery. 
TRAGIA. A genus of exotic, green-flowered 
plants, of the spurge family. Nearly a dozen 
species—comprising annuals, perennials, twiners, 
creepers, and erect plants, varying in height 
from 1 foot to 6 feet, some hardy, others very 
tender, and most capable of thriving in any 
common soil—have been introduced to the bo- 
tanical collections of Britain; and about as many 
more are known. 
TRAGIUM. A genus of exotic, white-flowered, 
herbaceous plants, of the umbelliferous order. 
The anise plant, Pimpinella anisum or Sison 
anisum, is assigned in the most modern botanical 
rearrangements to this genus. See the article 
Anisz. Six other species, principally perennial- 
rooted, annual-stemmed, and about two feet 
high, have been introduced to Britain; and 
three or four more are known. The name tra- 
gium is formed from a word signifying a goat, 
and alludes to the hircine odour of the oldest- 
known species. 
TRAGOPOGON. See Goan’s Brarp. 
TRAGOPYRUM. See Goat’s Wuzat. 
TRAINING. See Brueaxine and Manuez. 
TRAINING, in Garpenine. Towards the end 
of Marth, young trees that have been planted 
out since October of the former year are headed 
down, or have their shoots shortened back to 
three, five, or six buds, according to their 
strength, and the purpose for which they are 
intended. When the trees have stood two, three, 
or more years in the nursery after grafting or 
budding, the heading downis of course confined to 
the last year’s shoots, and its extent, as well as the 
thinning out of superfluous shoots, must be left 
to the judgment of the experienced gardener, it 
being impossible to lay down rules where the 
circumstances must be perpetually varying. 
Wall-trees—The two principal methods of train- 
ing wall-trees which are followed in this coun- 
try, are called the fan and the horizontal modes. 
In the former, the branches are arranged like 
the spokes of a fan, or like the hand opened and 
the fingers spread. In the other way, a princi- 
pal stem is carried upright, and branches are 
led from it horizontally on either side. The 
Dutch style consists in taking a young tree with 
two branches, and leading these horizontally to 
the right and left, to the extent perhaps of 
—_— se} 
