498 
Wolga, and often occurs in company with the 
small yellow tulip, and was introduced to Britain 
in 1806. Its leaves are lanceolate and spreading ; 
its stem is two-flowered or three-flowered, and 
commonly about 6 inches high; and its flowers 
are yellow and fragrant, and bloom in April. 
The sun’s-eye or Agen tulip, 7’. oculus sols, is 
a native of Italy, France, Germany, and other 
parts of Europe; and was introduced to Britain 
from the first of these countries in 1816. It was 
unknown to Linnzeus; and was first described 
by St. Amans, who found it at Agen in France. 
Its leaves are oblong-lanceolate; its stem is one- 
flowered, glabrous, and about a foot high; its 
flower is large, bell-shaped, and of a fine scarlet- 
crimson colour, with a broad, black, yellow-edged 
spot at the base of each sepal, and blooms in 
April and May ; its exterior sepals are acuminate, 
and the interior ones obtuse; and its stamens 
are smooth. 
The sweet-scented or early dwarf or Duc Van 
Thol tulip, 7’. swaveolens, is a native of the South 
of Europe, and was introduced thence to Britain 
in 1603. Its leaves are ovate-lanceolate ; its stem 
is one-flowered, downy, and about 6 inches high ; 
its sepals are obtuse and smooth ; and its flowers 
are sweetly fragrant, and have a scarlet colour 
edged with yellow, and are valued far more for 
their odour’and their earliness than for their 
form or appearance, and naturally bloom in 
March and April, but when grown in a room in 
either sandy soil or water, may be made to bloom 
as early as January. 
The creeping Russian tulip, 7. repens, was 
introduced to Britain from Russia in 1819, and 
is a foot high and yellow-flowered, and blooms in 
April and May. The horned tulip, 7. cornuta, 
was introduced from the Levant in 1816, and is 
two feet high and striped-flowered, and blooms 
in May. The starred tulip, 7. stellata, was in- 
troduced from Kumana in 1827, and requires 
frame protection, and has a height of between 30 
and 36 inches, and carries white flowers, and 
blooms in March and April. The rock tulip, 7. 
saxatilis, was introduced from Crete in 1827, and 
is a foot high and yellow-flowered, and blooms in 
April and May. Bieberstein’s tulip, 7. Biebver- 
steiniana, was introduced from Siberia in 1820, 
and is a foot high and yellow and purple flowered, 
and blooms in June and July. The bad-smelling 
tulip, 7. mateolens, was introduced from Italy in 
1827, and is a foot high and red and yellow- 
flowered, and comprises a variety with red and 
variegated flowers, and bloomsin May, The Al- 
taian tulip, 7. altaica, was introduced from the 
Altai Mountains previous to 1830, and is a foot 
high and yellow-flowered, and blooms in April 
and May. The rough-stemmed tulip, 7’. scabris- 
capa, was introduced from Italy in 1827, and is 
two feet high and red and yellow-flowered, and 
blooms in April and May. The middle tulip, 7. 
media, was introduced about 1830, and is a foot 
high and scarlet and white flowered, and blooms 
TULIP. 
in May and June. Bonarota’s tulip, 7. Bona- 
rotiana, was introduced from Italy in 1827, and 
is about 18 inches high, and has red and varie- 
gated flowers, and blooms in Apriland May. The 
three-coloured tulip, 7’. tricolor, was introduced 
from Russia in 1817, and is a foot high and scar- 
let-flowered, and blooms in April and May. The 
pubescent species, 7’. pubescens, was introduced 
in 1824, and is a foot high and red-flowered, and 
blooms in April and May. The Turkish tulip, 7. 
turcicad, was introduced at a considerably distant 
but uncertain period, and is two feet high and 
striped-flowered, and blooms in April and May. 
The early-flowering tulip, 7. precox, was intro- 
duced from Italy in 1825, and is a foot high and 
scarlet-flowered, and blooms in April‘and May. 
The mountain tulip, 7. montana, was introduced 
from Persia in 1826, and is a foot high and scar- 
let-flowered, and blooms in July. The choked 
tulip, 7’. strangulata, was introduced about 1830, 
and is about 18 inches high, and blooms in April. 
The spreading tulip, 7. patens, was introduced 
from Siberia in 1829, and is about a foot high, 
and has white and grey flowers, and blooms in 
April and May. 
Gesner’s tulip or the common garden tulip, 7. 
Gesneriana, was the earliest known of all the 
species; and has probably received more atten- 
tion from florists than any other plant in ex- 
istence; and is diffused throughout almost all 
the gardens of Europe, small and great ; and often 
monopolizes the entire name, and usually con- 
centrates in itself the main interest, of the whole 
tulip genus. Its leaves are ovate-lanceolate, 
glaucous, and smooth; its stem is one-flowered, 
smooth, and commonly from 10 to 30 inches high, 
varying widely in different varieties; its flowers 
are normally striped, but sport into multitudi- 
nous and highly diversified colourings, and bloom 
in April and May; its sepals and filaments are 
smooth ; and the lobes of its stigma are decurrent 
and deeply divided. There are five very distinct 
varieties of it, serving as types or representatives 
of so many groups of innumerable subvarieties ;— 
the normal, 7. Gesneriana, from 20 to 30 inches 
high, with striped flowers ; the yellow, 7’. G. lutea, 
from 15 to 24 inches high, with yellow flowers ; 
the double, 7. G. plena, from 10 to 16 inches high, 
with variegated flowers; the party-coloured, 7. 
G. versicolor, from 15 to 24 inches high, with 
variegated flowers; and the cut-sepaled, 7. G. 
laciniata, from 20 to 30 inches high, with varie- 
gated flowers. 
The garden tulip grows wild in Syria and in 
other countries near the eastern parts of the 
Mediterranean ; it was cultivated by the Turks, 
from an early period, in their gardens; it was 
introduced to Western Europe from Constanti- 
nople in 1554, and was first described, in a sys- 
tematic way, by Conrad Gesner in 1559; and it 
was introduced to Britain in a general way about 
1577, and re-introduced in its finer forms in 1603. 
When it was introduced to Holland is not pre- 
