504 TUMOUR. 
ointment, or even blistering ointment; and very 
hard or quite inert tumours of the nature of 
wens can be properly removed only by excision. 
See the article ABscuss. 
A topical and somewhat specific disease in the 
throat of cattle has no more distinct name in 
veterinary nomenclature than tumour. This 
disease varies in appearance, virulence, and gene- 
ral character in different districts and different 
seasons; and, in the form in which it commonly 
occurs in the southern parts of Scotland, is popu- 
larly called Clyers in the throat. It arises some- 
times from atmospheric influences, and some- 
times from coldness and bleakness of situation, 
but much more frequently from breeding in-and- 
in, or from other causes and practices which 
debilitate the constitution. It is occasionally so 
prevalent on particular farms or within limited 
districts as to look like an endemic; but it more 
frequently occurs so scatteredly among flocks as 
to appear to have an independent development 
in each of its subjects. It possesses considerable 
analogy to strangles in horses, but is somewhat 
more difficult of treatment, and more fatal in 
tendency. It seems to be generally connected 
with a weak or depressed state of the entire sys- 
tem; and, on this account, instead of proceeding 
to suppuration and forming a freely-discharging 
abscess, as strangles do in horses, it often as- 
sumes an indolent state, and makes but a trifling 
discharge from different points, and afterwards 
either forms sinuses, or undergoes a partial ab- 
sorption of matter and passes into the condition 
of a hard tumour. It at all times affects the 
breathing of its subjects, but does not prevent 
their feeding till the act of deglutition is ren- 
dered painful by the great enlargement on the 
throat. Young heifers are more liable to it than 
any other kind of cattle, and are unfitted by it 
for breeding. Any animal affected with it should 
be confined in a comfortable shed or house; the 
strength of the system should be increased by 
means of a nutritious diet combined with tonic 
medicines, such as the sulphate of iron, in doses 
of 2 drachms to a middle-sized two or three year 
old, once a-day, in a little gruel, or 5 grains of 
iodine in gruel night and morning. The tumour 
should be laid open if matter is to be felt; but 
if not, a blister should be well rubbed into the 
surface of the swelling, and repeated until there 
is either absorption of the tumour, or the forma- 
tion of an abscess, Should this plan not answer 
in raising an energetic action in the tumour, 
iodine in the form of ointment, in the proportion 
of 2 drachms of it to 4 ounces of lard, should be 
well rubbed into the tumour every day until 
absorption takes place. If the tumour resist 
these remedies, it should be freely cut into with 
a lancet, and a little tow put into the wound 
twice a-day, smeared with blistering ointment, 
or dipped in a strong solution of sulphate of cop- 
per. In the early stages of the disease in those 
animals which seem to have a comparatively 
TURE. 
robust constitution, it may be worth while to 
try what can be done to stop the progress of 
inflammatory action by bleeding and purging; 
‘and in places where the disease assumes an en- 
demic character, and works much havoe, it may 
become worth the consideration of the proprietor 
or farmer, where no other plan of prevention can 
be attempted, to try the slow but sure remedy of 
belts of planting, so disposed as to protect both 
the cattle and the crops, and thereby improve 
the land for every kind of agriculture. 
TUNA. See Opuntta. 
TUNA-TREE. See Bastarp-Crpar. 
TUNGSTEN. An elementary metallic sub- 
stance. It does not naturally occur in an un- 
combined state; but may be artificially obtained 
by the action of charcoal or of dry hydrogen at a 
red heat on tungstic acid. It has a greyish- 
white colour, a considerable lustre, a consider- 
able brittleness, nearly as great a hardness as 
steel, a less fusibility than manganese, and a 
specific gravity of about 17°'4. Tungstic acid 
consists of one atom of tungsten and three atoms 
of oxygen; and may be readily obtained by pro- 
longed digestion of very finely levigated native 
tungstate of lime in nitric acid, or by raising the 
dark brown oxide of tungsten to a red heat in 
open vessels, or by the action of hydrochloric 
acid on walfram, the native tungstate of iron 
and manganese. It is a yellow powder, insoluble 
in water, and has no action on litmus paper, but 
combines with alkaline bases to form salts; and 
when strongly heated in open vessels, it becomes 
green,—and when acted on by hydrogen at a 
temperature of between 500° and 600° Fahren- 
heit, it becomes blue, and is supposed to be 
changed into a tungstate of the oxide of tung- 
sten.—The dark brown oxide of tungsten consists 
of one atom of tungsten and two atoms of oxy- 
gen; and may be obtained either by an operose 
process with walfram or by the action of hydro- 
gen at a lowred heat on tungsticacid; and when 
obtained in the former way, is almost black,—in 
the latter way, brown and capable of taking on 
a copper colour by polishing. It does not combine 
with acids; and when heated to redness, burns 
and passes into tungstic acid—Tungsten com- 
bines in three proportions with chlorine. 
TUP. Aram. 
TUPA. A genus of ornamental exotic plants 
of the lobelia family. The charming species, 7’. 
blanda, is a perennial-rooted, annual-stemmed, 
pink-flowered herb of about 3 feet in height, 
from Chili; and the other species are very diver- 
sified,—and, in several of the most remarkable 
instances, formerly ranked as true lobelias. See 
the article Loputia. 
TUPELO. See Nyssa. 
TURBARY. A piece of bog out of which 
peat-fuel is cut. See the articles Boa and Pzar. 
TURF. The sward of grass-lands; also the 
peaty portion of bogs. In the former sense, it 
is discussed in the articles Grass Lanps, Pas- 
