in powder, in the proportion of 30 grains of each 
to every pound of flour. The common muriatic 
acid of commerce being much cheaper, may be 
substituted for the tartaric acid, and thus used: 
—To 30 grains of the muriatic acid, add three 
times its bulk of water, and mix the diluted acid 
with the dressed pulp. The dry carbonate of 
soda is to be added to the flour, and the whole 
made into a cake. Common salt will be formed 
in the baking, and need not be put into the 
cake. The different kinds of meal, as from 
oats and barley as well as from wheat, will 
make good cakes with mangel-wurzel or turnip, 
without the addition of soda and acid. But 
the best, as might be expected, seem to be pro- 
duced from the wheaten-meal. The cakes from 
mangel-wurzel, too, are generally considered as 
more palatable and better than those from the 
turnip.” —Dickson’s Husbandry of the Ancients.— 
Reports to the Board of Agriculiure—Reports to 
the Royal Dublin Society—Loudon’s Works.—Mil- 
ler’s Gardener's Dictionary.—Museum Rusticum. 
—Socrety of Gentlemen's Complete Farmer-—Arthur 
Young's Works—NMartin Doyle's Works— Brown 
on Rural Affairs—Transactions of the Yorkshire 
Agricultural Society— Transactions of the High- 
land Society—Irish Farmer's Magazine—LIrish 
Farmers Journal.— Treatise on Vegetable Sub- 
stances in Lnbrary of Entertaining Knowledge.— 
Philosophical Transactions—Mills’ Husbandry.— 
Dr. Dickson's Practical Agriculture.— General 
Report of Scotland.—Quarterly Journal of Agri- 
culture—Journal of the Royal Agricultural So- 
ciety of England—Goodrich Smith’s Economy of 
Farming.—Low’s Elements of Agriculture—Bayl- 
don on Rents and Tillages——Useful Knowledge 
Society's Farmer’s Series.—Sproule’s Treatise on 
Agriculture—Lawson’s Agriculturist’s Manual.— 
Marshalls County Reports. 
TURNIP-CABBAGH. See Turnip. 
TURNIP-CHOPPER. See Turnie-Suicer. 
TURNIP-CUTTER. See Turnip-Suicur. 
TURNIP-FLY. Any insect which, in either 
its larva or its imago state, feeds upon any part 
of the turnip plant. The turnip-fly of most 
farmers, indeed, is especially or even exclusively 
the single species, Haltica nemorum,; but that of 
some farmers and of most common country peo- 
ple is a whole and very heterogeneous group, and 
comprises all the beetles which feed on the seed- 
leaves, all the saw-flies which feed on the ex- 
panded root-leaves, and sometimes also the ants 
which feed on the seeds, the maggots and the 
wire-worms which feed on the roots, the weevils 
which cause excrescences on the bulbs, the 
aphides which desolate the foliage, and the 
moths and butterflies which infest various parts 
of the plant. Some of these enemies of the tur- 
nip are noticed in the articles SAw-F ins, WirE- 
Worm, Burrerriy, and Apis; and some others, 
but chiefly the Haltica nemorum, will form the 
topic of the present article. 
The genus haltica does not consist in any true 
‘'URNIP-FLY. 
sense of flies, but belongs to the cyclica family 
and chrysomela group of beetles; and it is cha- 
racterised by having the antenne slender, much 
shorter than the body, and eleven-jointed,—the 
head, as also the thorax, broader than long,—the 
thorax often with a transverse impression behind 
and the posterior angles obtuse,—and the tibize 
slender, with a simple spine on the posterior 
pair. All the species are readily known by the 
comparatively great thickness of their hinder 
thighs, and have the power of leaping, like fleas, 
to a comparatively prodigious distance ; and take 
their generic name of haltica from this leaping 
power. ‘The grove species, or turnip-fly par ex- 
cellence, or turnip-flea, or turnip-flea beetle, or 
earth-flea beetle, or black-jack, Haltica nemorum, 
takes its botanical specific name from the cir- 
cumstance of having principally frequented woods 
and groves before the period when turnip culti- 
vation became general, but is now the universally 
diffused and desolating foe of the young turnip 
plant. Its eggs are very minute, oval, smooth, 
and somewhat of the colour of the turnip leaf; 
and its larva is fleshy, cylindrical, and pale, with 
six pectoral feet and a pro-leg at the apex,—the 
head furnished with jaws and large dark eyes, 
and the first and the last segments marked with 
dark patches. The perfect insect varies in length 
from ? of a line to nearly 14 line or one-eighth 
of an inch; and is generally larger and stouter 
in the case of the female than in that of the 
male. It is smooth, shining, and of a brassy 
black colour, with a slight tinge of green, par- 
ticularly on the wing cases. The antenne are 
black, with the second and third joints and the 
apex of the first of a pale colour. The thorax is 
convex above, and pretty deeply punctured. The 
wing cases, which are much wider than the 
thorax, are likewise thickly and irregularly punc- 
tured; and each of them has a pale yellow or 
slightly sulphur-coloured stripe, running along 
the middle, curved inwards posteriorly, and not 
reaching quite to the extremity. The under 
side of the body and thighs are black; and all 
the tibiz and tarsi are of a pale hue. When the 
beetle is feeding, all the different parts of the 
mouth are employed; the upper and under lips 
open to liberate the other organs; the two sets 
of teeth, or the toothed mandibles, as they are 
named, meet when closed, and, from their strength 
and horizontal action, readily break the cuticle 
of the leaf. The jaws seem to be adapted for 
keeping in the food during the short process of 
mastication ; and the four feelers hold and steady 
any portion of the leaf to be eaten, and assist in 
conducting the detached morsels into the mouth. 
Several other and nearly allied kinds of haltica 
possess very similar habits to Haltica nemorum, 
and share in all its popular names, and present 
the same characters in a somewhat modified form ; 
and they have received different names from en- 
tomologists, such as H. flexuosa, H. sinuata, H. 
ochripes, H, intermedia, and H. parallela; and 
on 
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