538 TURNSTONE. 
TURNSICK. See Hyparip. 
TURNSOLE. See Lrrmvs. 
TURNSTONE,—scientifically Strepselas, A ge- 
nus of birds, belonging to the longirostrous 
family of waders. They are allied to the sand- 
pipers, but stand rather low. Their billis short, 
conical, pointed, and without any depression or 
inflation; their nasal fossee do not extend along 
more than half the bill; their toes-are without 
membranes; and their thumb barely reaches the 
ground. They take the name of turnstone from 
the habit of overturning stones with their bills 
in search of worms and molluscs.—The common 
turnstone, Strepsilas interpres, occurs in many 
parts of both of the great continents of the world ; 
and frequents the coast of Britain, either singly 
or in small flocks, from August till May. It re- 
sembles the sanderling or some of the small plo- 
vers; and has a variedly red and black mouth, 
white head and belly, and black cheeks and 
breast ; but its young, who arrive with it in Au- 
gust, have none of the bright strong tints of the 
adult. This bird has a total length of 95 inches; 
and it feeds on worms, thin-shelled molluscs, and 
the smaller crustacea. 
TURNWREST PLOUGH. Sce Proven. 
TURPENTINE. The resinous semi-fluid pro- 
duct of pine trees and fir trees, and of the Pzsta- 
cia terebinthus. Turpentines havea peculiar and 
somewhat aromatic odour, and a pungent, heating, 
bitterish taste; they are very inflammable, and 
burn witha white flame, and give off much smoke ; 
and they readily combine with fixed oils, and dis- 
solve in ether or alcohol, but do not mix with 
water. They have a place in the materia medi- 
ca of both human and cattle pharmacy; and act 
externally as irritants and rubefacients, and in- 
ternally as stimulants, diuretics, cathartics, and 
anthelmintics ; but they require to be used with 
discrimination, and have very various adapta- 
tions to different species of animals, to different 
parts of the body, and in different states of the 
system. 
Common turpentine exudes in transparent 
drops, from artificial wounds near the foot of the 
wild or Scotch pine; and may be obtained to the 
amount of from 6 to 12 pounds a-year for about 
a century from one tree. It varies in consistency 
and comparative purity and other characters, 
according to the precise method in which it ex- 
udes; and it is purified by exposure to the sun’s 
rays in barrels with perforated bottoms, and by 
liquefying there, and filtering through the bot- 
toms. It generally has a greater opacity than 
other turpentines, a greater consistency than 
honey, and a dirty yellow colour; it is of main 
use for yielding the essential oil of turpentine ; 
and it serves well as an ingredient in some oint- 
ments in farriery, but is not nearly so much used 
in any department of medicine as Venice tur- 
pentine. 
Venice turpentine is obtained from the larch, 
and from one or more of the American firs. It 
TURPENTINE MOTH. 
exudes from a tapping in trees of above twelve 
years of age; and is produced by a vigorous tree 
to the amount of 7 or 8 pounds a-year for 40 or 
50 years. It is less unpleasant to the smell and 
taste than common turpentine, and has a more 
fluid consistency, and a yellowish colour. It is 
used in veterinary medicine, internally as an in- 
gredient in cough mixtures and diuretic balls, 
and externally as a chief ingredient in stimulat- 
ing and digestive ointments and in mange mix- 
tures. The Canadian turpentine or Canada bal- 
sam is noticed in the article Canapa Batsam; 
and the Chian or Cyprus turpentine is noticed 
in the article Prstacuta-TREE. 
The spirit, oil, or essential oil of turpentine is 
obtained by distillation with water from either 
common or Venice turpentine; and floats on the 
top of the water in the receiver of the still; and 
is easily separated thence, and afterwards recti- 
fied. About 120 lbs. of it are obtained from 500 
Ibs. of good turpentine. It is quite liquid, per- 
fectly limpid and colourless, and extremely light, 
volatile, and inflammable; it has a peculiar and 
very powerful and penetrating odour, and a bit- 
terish, very pungent taste ; it is very sparingly 
soluble in cold alcohol, but accords in most of 
its other chemical qualities with the essential 
oils; it is believed by the majority of chemists to 
consist of 14 equivalents of carbon, 1 of oxygen, 
and 10 of hydrogen; and it is converted, by a 
stream of chlorine passing through it, into a sub- 
stance similar to camphor. It is used in various 
ways and for widely different purposes, inter- 
nally and externally, both in human medicine 
and in veterinary medicine; but requires to be 
prescribed with much more discrimination and a 
much higher professional knowledge than even 
the semi-fluid turpentines, A chief internal use 
of it, for example, is as an anthelmintic in man 
and anantipasmodicin the horse,—but it is defeat- 
ed or rendered mischievous by alcoholic accompa- 
niment in man, and possesses very doubtful vermi- 
fugal power upon the horse; and a chief external 
use of it in both is as an irritating or blistering 
substance,—yet it may be terribly disastrous if 
applied to man’s head, and is sometimes very in- 
juriously exciting when applied to any one of 
many parts of the horse. 
TURPENTINE MOTH. ‘Two insects of the 
tortrix family of moths. They take their name 
from the circumstance of causing turpentine tu- 
mours in young fir-trees; and they sometimes 
inflict considerable damage on young fir planta- 
tions. The one is scientifically called Cnephasia 
resinella and the other Argyrolepia turionella. 
The former measures about 8 lines from tip to 
tip of the wings; its upper side is dark brown; 
its back is marked with longitudinal silvery 
lines; its wings are traversed with lines of 
lighter hue than the ground colour, and of a me- 
tallic lustre; its under wings are almost black, 
with a yellow and brownish line just within the 
fringes; and its under side is wholly of a light 
