of the midland and northern counties of Scot- 
land,—and in the third, throughout most of the 
southern counties of England. The portion of 
wages paid in kind, in both the first method 
and the second, varies in items, according to the 
custom of districts or to particular agreement, 
but generally comprises the most common and 
essential articles of household provision raised 
on the farm. See the articles Farnm-Survants, 
Farm-Lasourers, Botuy, PirougHmMan, SHEP- 
HERD, and AGENT. 
WAGGON. A large mmmiceled carriage, for 
the conveyance of heavy loads. Waggons are very 
various in size and structure, according to the 
different uses which they are intended to serve ; 
and even agricultural waggons, or those which 
are employed solely or mainly by farmers, are 
exceedingly diversified, according to the mere 
custom of counties, or to the taste or caprice of 
individuals. Though tumbrils are employed in 
some districts for the carrying out of manure, 
and other light and rude carriages are employed 
in others for some other particular rural pur- 
poses, and one-horse carts are universally used in 
all the best parts of Scotland and in a small part 
of the north of England, and are also coming in- 
creasingly into favour in the central counties of 
England, for all the carrying purposes of the 
farm, yet waggons of some kind or other are 
sometimes used even in Scotland for general pur- 
poses of carriage, and are more or less in request 
in the great manufacturing cities for particular 
sorts of heavy and bulky conveyance, and enjoy 
general favour in some of the central and south- 
ern counties of England, and universal favour in 
others, for at least all the road carriage of agri- 
cultural produce. We may refer for the gene- 
ral principles of construction to the articles Cart 
and WHEEL; and shall here make only brief no- 
tice of the peculiarities of some of the best or 
most favourite or otherwise most remarkable va- 
rieties. 
The Sussex waggon stands 6 feet high at the 
back and 53 feet at the front, and measures 
nearly 14 feet in length of lade. Its bed or floor, 
in very many instances, is narrowed behind the 
fore-wheels, so as to allow the wheels to lock 
round in the shortest possible curve, and to give 
the waggon great convenience and ease in turn- 
ing; but this peculiarity both diminishes the 
capacity of the waggon, and somewhat weakens 
its body; and therefore, in other instances, the 
bed is made straight; and contrivances are 
adopted to prevent the wheels from catching on 
the lock. The tail-board falls down for the con- 
venience of loading, and admits of being so ad- 
justed as to extend the length of the body; and 
the waggon can easily be converted, by means of 
hind and fore ladders, intoa capacious wain for the 
in-carrying of hay and corn from the harvest field. 
The Hampshire waggon is not very much dif- 
ferent from the Sussex one, and contains, with- 
WAGGON. 
099 
compact, firm, and strong, with close-boarded or 
open raves; but is usually straight in the floor, 
and is seldom furnished with either hind or fore 
ladders, and is therefore less convenient and has 
a smaller range of adaptation than the Sussex 
waggon. 
The Woodstock or Oxfordshire waggon has a 
convex curvature of.the rails over the hind 
wheels, and has both a symmetrical appearance 
and a very convenient structure. The length of 
its top-rails is 12 feet 4 inches; the breadth of 
the top-rails, 1 foot; the length of the fore part 
of the bed, 5} feet; the length of the hinder 
part of the bed, 5? feet; the width of the fore 
part of the bed, 3 feet 8 inches; the width of 
the hind ladder, 4 feet 4 inches; the breadth of 
the contraction in the bed to allow of the lock- 
ing of the wheels, 11 inches; the width of the 
tail-piece, 6 feet; the width of the fore-ladder, 
4+ feet; and the distance between the wheels on 
the ground, 54 feet. 
The Berkshire waggon has a general resem- 
blance to the Woodstock one, but is lower, and 
has shallower sides and a smaller capacity. It is 
well constructed and of convenient size and good 
appearance; and though smaller and simpler 
than most other varieties of English agricultu- 
ral waggons, it might serve as a model for them 
all, and, when furnished with fore and hind lad- 
ders, carries a large load of hay or straw or un- 
thrashed corn. 
The Norfolk and Suffolk waggon is very hea- 
vily built, and possesses a cumbrous character 
utterly out of keeping with the flat surface and 
fine roads of most of the districts in which it is 
used; and, though a horse’s draught heavier 
than the Berkshire waggon, it does not carry so 
great a load. It is 12 feet long, 4 broad, and 2 
deep, and it commonly carries 10 quarters of 
wheat, and requires to be drawn by four horses 
on turnpike-roads, and by five on bye-roads. Its 
chief recommendation is that it locks so far 
under the bed as to admit of being turned round 
as curtly as a post-chaise. 
Torr’s two-horse spring waggon, invented by 
W. Torr, Esq. of Riby, near Grimsby, and made 
by Mr Crosskill at the Beverley Iron-Works, is 
constructed with a light broad body and solid 
rung sides, and carries 24 tons of corn in bags, 
and loads well with hay or corn. It is mounted 
on springs, and with Crosskill’s patent wheels, 
patent iron axles and oil-boxes. The manufac- 
turer says, “It is well adapted for speed, to trot 
to market with ease, at the rate of 4 or 5 miles 
per hour; it is intended for carrying out the 
system of generally working horses in pairs only, 
together with the various implements of the 
farm, as the plough, harrow, drill, &c.; and in 
harvest-work, it will successfully compete with 
one-horse carts, particularly where the distance 
is great.” It obtained a prize at the Gains- 
borough meeting of the North Lincolnshire Agri- 
out heaping, about 66 bushels, and is generally | cultural Society in 1845. 
