—— 
WALTHERIA. 
ly pinnated, and comprise each from 8 to 14 pairs 
of leaflets and a terminating odd one; the leaflets 
are lanceolate, acute, and serrated, and the bot- 
tom pairs are always the smallest; the flowers 
are inconspicuous, and draw the attention only 
of botanists and the curious, and bloom in April 
and May; and the nuts have different shapes and 
sizes, but in general have a thicker shell and a 
rounder form than those of the common walnut, 
and are furrowed. Many varieties and subva- 
rieties of the black walnut arise from seed, and 
may be perpetuated by grafting ; and they differ 
from one another principally in the properties of 
the leaves and in the form of the fruit; and 
some of the more common or permanent popu- 
larly bear names descriptive of their peculiari- 
ties, such as the aromatic walnut, and the deeply 
furrowed fruited walnut. Specimens of the black 
walnut in a wild state, have been observed on 
the banks and islands of the Ohio river from 60 
to 70 feet high and 6 or 7 feet in girth of stem. 
The timber of this species is much more valuable 
than that of the common walnut, but the fruit is 
inferior either for oil or for eating. 
The grey or Pennsylvanian walnut, Juglans 
cinerea, is noticed in the article Burrer-Nut 
(Grey).—The ash-leaved walnut, Juglans fraxint- 
folia, and the winged-fruited walnut, Juglans 
pterocarpa, are natives of North America, and 
have been introduced to Britain, and commonly 
attain a height intermediate between that of the 
common walnut and the black walnut.—Other 
species which popularly bear the name of wal- 
nut now belong to the genus carya. 
WALNUT-TREE (Jamatca.) See Asvapar. 
WALTHERIA. A genus of tropical plants, of 
the byttneria family. One yellow-flowered bien- 
nial of about 2 feet in height, and four yellow- 
flowered shrubs, varying in height from 2 to 
10 feet, have been introduced to the botanical 
collections of Britain; and 7 or 8 other species 
are known. 
WAMPEE-TREE, — botanically Cookia. A 
small genus of exotic evergreen ligneous plants, of 
the orange-tree tribe. The dotted species, Cookia 
punctata, was introduced to Britain from China, 
toward the close of last century; it is a small 
tree of about 15 or 18 feet in height, carrying 
white flowers, and producing esculent fruit ; and 
it loves a soil of light loam, and requires stove 
heat, and is propagable from cuttings. 
WANGENHEIMIA. A curious, exotic, small, 
hardy, annual weedy grass of the wheat tribe. 
It is a native of Spain, and was introduced to 
Britain in 1776; it has a height of about 6 inches, 
and blooms in July and August, and will thrive 
in any common soil; and it constitutes a genus 
of itself, and bears the specific name of Lima. 
WANG-TOOTH. A jaw tooth. 
WANT. A mole. 
WANTY., A broad leathern belt, used for bind- 
ing a load upon a horse. 
WARBLER. A large family of passerinous 
WARPING OF LAND. 611 
birds, distinguished by the straightness, slender- 
ness, and bodkin-like form of the bill. It com- 
prises the nightingale, the blackcap, the stone- 
chat, the wheat-ear, the mill-clappers, the white- 
throat, the fauvettes, the wrens, the wagtails, the 
meadow-larks, and a number of others ; and many 
of the most common or most interesting are no- 
ticed in their respective alphabetical places in 
our work. 
WARBLES. See Bors. 
WARP. The ooze or slimy alluvial substance 
which constitutes the deposit left on land by the 
process of warping. See the article WARPING oF 
LAND. 
WARPING. Abortion in the cow. See the 
article ABorrron. 
WARPING OF LAND. The forming or re- 
newing of soil by means of a sedimentary depo- 
sit from silty tidal waters. It differs from irri- 
gation in employing marine water instead of 
river water, in forming a new soil instead of fer- 
tilizing an old soil, and in obtaining a deep solid 
deposit instead of procuring a mere filmy crust 
or soluble impregnation. It more nearly resem- 
bles the Italian operation called colmata than 
any other georgical process; but differs in em- 
ploying salt water instead of fresh, and in ob- 
taining a shallower deposit, and in a shorter 
time. See the article Coumata. It somewhat 
resembles also the enrichment of such valleys as 
those of the Nile and the Mississippi, which de- 
rive vast fertilization from silty fluviatile depo- 
sits, but differs from them in some of the same 
respects as from irrigation and colmata, and also 
in its being artificial, and wholly dependent for 
extent, frequency, and depth on the arts of the 
georgist. It can occur only on lands which lie 
lower than the level of high-water, and in the 
immediate vicinity of estuaries or tidal rivers 
whose waters are strongly charged with fine silt 
of composition suitable to constitute soil; and 
hitherto it has not been practised to any consi- 
derable extent in any part of Britain except the 
low districts of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, 
around the tidal region of the Trent, the Ouse, 
the Dunn, and the other streams which form or 
feed the Humber. 
The main portions of the warpable tracts in 
these districts naturally lie so low that they 
would be flooded by the tide of high-water but for 
being protected by strong embankments along 
the sides of the rivers. These embankments are 
of vast: strength and size, and must have been a 
work of prodigious labour; yet when they were 
made, or by whom, no man knows. Considerable 
improvements were made during the reign of 
Charles I, by a company of Dutchmen, and a few 
Frenchmen, calling themselves Participants, who 
contracted with the Crown to drain a tract of 
about 75,000 acres south of Thorne, one-third of 
which was to become their own property, one- 
third to be appropriated by the Crown, and one- 
third distributed among the commoners of the 
