614 WARRANTY. 
course pursued in the cultivation of the newly- 
warped land is to grip it every 4 or 5 yards, 
throwing the soil taken out of the grips on to 
the land, amongst which, as soon as it is toler- 
ably dry (the season, of course, permitting), oats, 
and red and white clover, and rye-grass, are 
sown. The oats are not expected to be a good 
crop: they are merely sown as a protection for 
the seeds, as what is chiefly wanted is to have a 
good coating of seeds. They are sometimes pas- 
tured, and would be better to remain so for two 
years; and they are then followed by wheat or 
potatoes. 
These statements, however, apply principally 
to low marsh land within manageable distance 
of the great canal drain; and, indeed are abridg- 
ed from a report in the Journal of the Royal 
Agricultural Society which has special reference 
to Thorne Waste. But warping, on the same 
principles, in a similar way, and with similar re- 
sults, is equally practicable on all sorts of low 
lands within reach of the tidal waters of the 
Humber, whether peat, sand, or clay,—whether 
soft or hard, porous or retentive ; and the soil 
which it forms varies both in fertility and in 
adaptation according to the circumstances of the 
locality, the composition of the warp, and the 
manner, season, and duration of the floodings. 
The best months for the operation, because the 
driest, are June, July, and August. Some warp- 
ed land is very stiff, and some very pliable ; and 
the two qualities sometimes occur in the same 
compartment, and in frequent alternation. The 
land nearest the drain is generally the lightest, 
in consequence of its receiving the first and hea- 
viest depositions of silicious matter from the 
floodings; and the land farthest from the drain 
is generally the best. The produce of warped 
land is exceedingly varied, according to the ori- 
ginal quality of the soil, the course of husbandry 
pursued, and the length of time since the warp- 
ing; but, ina general view, it amounts to from 20 
to 40 bushels of wheat per acre, from 5 to 8 quar- 
ters of oats, and from 35 to 70 bushels of beans. 
No warped land does well for grain or flax or 
potatoes till after it has been two years or so 
under grass seeds; but all the best or even mid- 
dle-rate kinds of it, after two years of grass 
seeds, are capable of yielding a good crop of 
wheat,—and, though liable to be infested with 
the slug, may be freed from this foe by means of 
a surface strewing of salt after the wheat-seed 
has been sown. But warped lands of all kinds 
require manure, and will not carry many crops 
without its aid. 
WARRANTY. A formal written declaration, 
on a stamp receipt, that a horse sold to a pur- 
chaser is, at the time of sale, perfectly sound, 
free from every kind of vice and blemish, of a 
specified age, and, ifa saddle horse, quiet to ride, 
—if a draught horse, steady in harness, and not 
given to kicking, rearing, or jibbing. This de- 
claration, accompanied with a written agree- 
WART-CRESS, 
ment to rescind the bargain if the warranty 
should prove incorrect, empowers the purchaser 
to return the horse and get back his money, on 
proving that any unsoundness, vice, or unquiet- 
ness existed at or before the sale; and even the 
declaration itself, without the agreement, entitles 
him to raise an action for the price. No verbal 
warranty of any kind, no warranty which may be 
presumed or argued from highness of price or 
circumstances of sale, and no correct written war- 
ranty on unstamped paper have any legal force. 
The paper employed should be a stamp receipt 
for the price of the horse; and the form of ex- 
pression should be “ Received of the 
sum of —— —— fora warranted,” &c. 
WARRATAH. See Camentia. 4 
WARREN. A piece of ground privileged either 
by prescription or by royal grant for keeping in 
a wild state large numbers of game, quadrupeds, 
game birds, or similar animals, particularly rab- 
bits, hares, partridges, and pheasants. But the 
word, in modern times, is used almost exclu- 
sively in reference to a burrowing ground for 
rabbits. See the article Rassir. 
WART. A small spongy tumour on any part 
of the body of an animal. It commences on the 
cuticle, and afterwards becomes seated on the 
true skin. Warts are not uncommon on the 
muzzle, the eye-lids, the ears, the neck, the bel- 
ly, the penis, and the prepuce of horses; and 
they frequently cause much annoyance, and re- 
quire to be removed. A small-necked one may 
be nipped off with a pair of scissors, and after- 
wards touched with lunar caustic; a larger-. 
necked one may be tied firmly, and more and 
more tightly, with a ligature of waxed silk till it 
die and fall off from want of nourishment from 
the blood; and a broad-based one may either be 
slowly reduced by frequent applications of caus- 
tic, or removed at once with the knife, and seared 
with a red-hot iron. 
WART-CRESS,—botanically Senediera. A ge- 
nus of herbaceous plants of the cruciferous order. 
Two species grow wild in Britain; one white- 
flowered annual species, the Nilotic, has been 
introduced from Egypt; and five other species 
are known. 
The common or buckhorn species, or swine’s 
cress, Senebiera coronopus, called by some botanists 
Coronopus Ruelliz, abounds on waste grounds and 
roadsides in many parts of Britain. Its root is 
annual and tapering; itsstems are short, spread- 
ing, branched, leafy, and smooth, and lie quite 
flat on the ground; its leaves are deeply pinna- 
tifid and somewhat glaucous; its flowers grow 
in dense corymbs, and come out opposite to the 
leaves, and are small and white, and bloom from 
June till August; and its silicles grow in dense 
clusters, and are much shorter than the leaves, 
kidney-shaped, notched, and furrowed. ‘This 
plant is, in a certain sense, eatable, but has acid, 
fetid, and nauseous properties, and requires to be 
very abundantly boiled. 
