SUCCORY. 
in this district is to let the taking up to a man 
and his family, or a gang of men, at about £2 
per acre (which is considered very ‘bad pay,’ or 
‘minimum’ allowance). The spades are like 
dock-drawers, 18 inches long, by 24 or 3 broad ; 
each plant must be ‘lifted’ with the spade, and 
drawn by the hand. The followers pick up the 
plants, and carefully twist off the tops, or leaves, 
throwing the roots on heaps; and cattle of all 
sorts being exceedingly fond of the leaves, it is 
the practice, after getting the roots away as 
quickly as possible, to turn a large quantity of 
sheep into the field to devour the relics, or to 
cart them away to the pastures whilst they are 
still pretty fresh. From the field the roots are 
taken to the most convenient washing-place; a 
running stream, easy of access, with a good gra- 
velly bottom, is invaluable for this purpose. 
When washed, they are conveyed to the manu- 
factory and there cut by a machine into pieces 
or lengths of a+ or $ an inch; these again are 
riddled to separate the smaller from the larger, 
the thin from the thick ends, which take more 
drying. They are then placed on a kiln, in bags, 
about 16 at a time, until ready for roasting— 
managed in a similar way to coffee; then ground 
or crushed with shelling stones, and made up for 
sale. When cut it must not be allowed to re- 
main in heaps for more than a day. Two cutters 
are worked by one horse; each has one knife 
only, and two women to feed it.”—The Belgian 
cultivators sometimes use poppy oil-cakes as 
manure for it, and always apply the manure in 
the autumn before sowing; and they sow broad- 
cast, and thin out to final distances of 6 inches, 
and keep the crop clean by hoeing and hand- 
weeding. The average crop of roots per acre in 
Yorkshire is from 3 to 5 tons; but some of the 
cultivators there who have skill enough to grow 
the crop, cannot succeed in preparing it for the 
market. 
The endive succory, or simply endive, Cicho- 
rium endivia, was introduced to Britain from 
India about the middle of the 16th century. It 
is a highly esteemed salad plant; and is particu- 
larly in request at the seasons when lettuce is 
scarce; but it requires somewhat nice and care- 
ful blanching to make it crisp and completely 
palatable. Three varieties of it are in cultiva- 
tion,—the green curled-leaved, the Batavian 
broad-leaved, and the white curled-leaved. The 
first is preferable for main crops,—and the se- 
cond for use in autumn and the early part of 
winter, but does not well withstand frost; and 
all may be sown in successions from May till the 
beginning of August, and afterwards transplant- 
ed to distances of 12 or 15 inches. Any which are 
sown earlier than May run to seed in the course 
of the summer, without becoming duly available 
for culinary purposes; yet if a few be wanted for 
the earliest possible use, a small sowing of the 
white curled-leaved may be made in March or 
April. The blanching may be done by tying-up 
SUGAR. 
after the manner of lettuce, or by earthing-up 
after the manner of celery, or by heaping around 
the plants cones of coal ashes or of dry sand, or 
by covering them, for protection at the same 
time from frost, with dry leaves of trees or fronds 
of ferns, or by covering them with garden pots, 
or with tiles or pieces of wood. The method of 
embathing in cones of dry sand is the most gen- 
erally efficient; but requires to be preceded by 
a careful and close tying-up of the plants at a 
time when they are perfectly free from moisture. 
SUCCOWIA. A handsome, yellow-flowered, 
hardy, annual plant, of the cruciferous order. It 
was introduced to Britain from Minorca about 
70 years ago; and it constitutes a genus of itself, 
and is specifically called the Balearic. It has a 
height of about 10 inches, and naturally blooms 
in June and July. 
SUCCULENCY. A fleshy juiciness in the root, 
stem, leaves, or other parts of a plant. 
SUCKER. A shoot or young twig from the 
root-crown or root-side of a plant. 
SUDORIFIC. A medicine which excites sweat- 
ing. It enters the circulation, acts on the sub- 
cutaneous vessels, and augments the energy of 
the cuticular glands which secrete the sweat. 
No known substance acts safely as a sudorific in 
the horse; but either a mixture of ipecacuanha 
and opium, or a mixture of emetic tartar, opium, 
and ginger, beneficially increases his insensible 
perspiration. See the article PersprraTion. 
SUET. The fat situated about the loins and 
kidneys of sheep, oxen, and some other animals. 
It is harder and less fusible than the fat of other 
parts of the same animals, or than that of the 
same parts of other animals ; but it differs from 
these fats, and even from the softest hog’s lard, 
chiefly in consistency,—and, like them, is com- 
posed almost entirely of stearine and elaine, or 
ultimately of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. See 
the articles O1n and Far. The suet of sheep and 
oxen, when melted out of the membranes which 
envelop it, forms tallow, and is largely used in 
the manufacture of soap and candles ; and when 
fused, it concretes at a temperature of about 100°. 
See the articles Canpiz, Soap, and Tattow. 
SUFFOLK GRASS. See Poa. 
SUFFRUTICOSE PLANT. A plant of inter- 
mediate character between an herb and a shrub. 
It has not perishable, succulent shoots and herb- 
age like the one, nor hard woody twigs and com- 
plete buds like the other; yet it is more shrubby 
in habit and in general appearance than herba- 
ceous. Common lavender is an example. 
‘SUGAR. The principle in vegetable and ani- 
mal products which is resolvable by fermentation 
into alcohol and carbonic acid. It is popularly 
regarded as the principle of sweetness in all sorts 
of substances; and has often been scientifically 
defined as the sweet constituent in organic struc- 
tures and secretions ; but it is totally absent in 
some very sweet substances, both mineral and 
organic, such as sugar of lead and manna,—and 
= nnn 
