Sama 
TANSY. 
souchong tea, 10°4 in Malaga sumach, 15 in the 
inner white bark of old oak, 15°2 in the inner 
white bark of Indian chestnut, 16 in the inner 
white bark of young oak, 16:2 in Sicilian sumach, 
274 in nut-galls, 48:1 in Bengal catechu, and 
64°3 in Bombay catechu. It is naturally accom- 
panied with gallic acid in tea, gall-nuts, and most 
kinds of bark ; but is not so accompanied in kino, 
catechu, and cinchona bark. 
Artificial tannin can readily be made by di- 
gesting charcoal in diluted nitric acid, in the 
proportion of 100 grains of charcoal, one ounce 
of nitric acid of density 1-4, and two ounces of 
water, by exposing the mixture to a gentle heat 
till all the charcoal is dissolved, and by evapo- 
rating the solution to dryness, using care toward 
the close of the process so to regulate the heat 
as not to effect decomposition. It may be made 
also by the action of nitric acid on animal char- 
eval, on pit-coal, on asphaltum, on indigo, or on 
various resinous substances; and by the action 
_ first of sulphuric acid and next of alcohol on 
camphor, common resin, balsams, asafoetida, and 
similar substances. It is brown, astringent, fusi- 
ble, of resinous fracture, and soluble in cold water 
and in alcohol, and acts precisely in the same 
way on a salt of iron and on gelatine as natural 
tannin does, but is not decomposed by the action 
of strong nitric acid. 
TANNING. See Learner. 
TANNO-GELATINE. See Tannic Actp. 
TANSY,—botanically Zanacetum. <A genus of 
herbs and shrubs, of the chamomile division of 
the composite order. One species grows wild in 
Britain, and is cultivated in kitchen gardens; 
upwards of a dozen species—four of them green- 
house evergreen shrubs, and most of the others 
hardy, perennial-rooted, annual-stemmed herbs 
—have been introduced from other countries, 
but possess little interest ; and a number of other 
species are known. Most of the introduced spe- 
cies, as well as the indigenous one, are yellow- | 
flowered and have a height of about two feet. 
The common tansy, Tanacetum vulgare, grows 
wild on road sides and similar situations in 
various parts of Britain. Its roots are perennial ; 
| its stems are annual, solid, smooth, unbranched, 
and about two feet high; its leaves are doubly 
pinnatifid, deeply serrated, and of a dark green | 
account of being milder and more grateful than 
the wild sort, while the latter possesses some little 
claim to a place in the flower-garden. ‘Tansy is 
propagated from slips or offsets of the root, planted 
in spring or autumn, at distances of 12 or 18 
inches. : 
TAPEWORM. See Worms (IntxEstTinat). | 
TAPIOCA. See Cassava. 
TAP-ROOT. A root which penetrates perpen- 
dicularly and deeply into the ground, without 
dividing into branches, or sending off many 
lateral fibres. A simple tap-root is generally 
spindle-shaped, and therefore is designated fusi- 
form; and, in many instances, as in those of the 
carrot and the parsnip, it is fleshy and juicy, and 
is therefore termed succulent. But the tap-root 
of a tree or of any other plant which takes wide 
and complex anchorage within the ground, is 
merely the main-trunk of a root descending per- 
pendicularly, just as the top or leading shoot 
of the stem ascends vertically. 
TAR. A viscid, dark-brown, resinous semi- 
fluid, obtained from the wood of the Scotch pine, 
the long-leaved pine, and other resiniferous trees 
of the pine and fir tribe. A conical cavity is dug 
in the ground, commonly in the side of a bank, 
or on the slope of ‘a hill, within or near a forest ; 
billets of the roots and branches of pine are filled 
into the cavity and piled above it till they form 
a large stack; a covering of turf is placed over 
the whole, and beat firmly down; the stack is 
kindled, and allowed to burn with a slow smo- 
thered combustion; the tar is formed, during 
the burning, by the decomposition of the resinous 
juice of the wood; a cast-iron pan at the bottom 
of the cavity receives the tar as it descends, and 
delivers it by a projecting spout through the 
bank or other base of the cavity into barrels 
placed to receive it ; and the barrels, immediately 
on being filled, are closed with bungs, and are 
then ready for exportation. Most of the tar used 
in Britain is brought from Russia, Sweden, and 
Denmark; but a considerable quantity also is 
brought from the United States. 
Tar is a very compound substance, and con- 
tains modified resin, oil of turpentine, empyreu- 
matic oil, acetic acid, charcoal, and water; and 
when inspissated by boiling, it is converted into 
pitch. It is extensively used in the cordage, 
colour; and its flowers grow in dense terminal | caulking, and sheathing of ships to preserve them 
corymbs, and are numerous, and have a golden | from decay; and is of great service in many of 
yellow colour, and bloom in July and August. | the arts and medicinal usages connected with 
The whole plant emits a strong but not unpleasant 
odour, and has a bitter taste, and is alleged to 
possess tonic, cordial, and anthelmintic proper- 
ties, and has long figured in horticultural cata- 
logues as an aromatic herb for making tansy 
pudding and for other kitchen uses; but it does 
not agree with every stomach, and has quite lost 
a large portion of its culinary reputation. Two 
varieties of it occur in gardens,—the double or | 
curled and the variegated or striped-leaved ; and 
the former is cultivated for culinary purposes on 
agriculture. It serves well as a paint to coarse 
kinds of boarding and paling, but is improved, 
in this use; by being mixed with tallow or other 
coarse fat. It is highly useful in various details 
of sheep management, as in some kinds of topical 
shelter, and as an application to cuts from ciip- 
ping and to parts affected by the fly. It serves, 
either alone or in combination with some fatty 
substance, to defend the sore or diseased feet of 
cattle from being further injured by wet or abra- 
sion; and, when spread upon coarse cloth, it is a 
