WATER. 
water of the Ourcq at St. Denis contain 17°5 of 
carbonate of lime, 2°0 of carbonate of magnesia, 
2:0 of silica, 15°3 of gypsum, 7:0 of Epsom salt, 
4'0 of chloride of magnesium, and traces of com- 
mon salt and of organic matter; 100,000 parts 
of the water of the Yonne at Avallon contain 
4'3 of carbonate of lime, 1:9 of silica, traces of 
gypsum, 1°5 of chloride of calcium, and traces of 
common salt and organic matter; 100,000 parts 
of the water of the Benvronne contain 25°7 per 
cent. of carbonate of lime, 20°3 of gypsum, and 
8°5 of chloride of calcium; 100,000 parts of the 
water of the Thérouenne contain 26:2 of carbo- 
nate of lime, 2°0 of gypsum, and 3°6 of chloride 
of calcium; 100,000 parts of the water of the 
Gergogne contain 18:0 of carbonate of lime, 1°5 
of gypsum, 1°5 of chloride of calcium, and 0:9 of 
common salt; 100,000 parts of the water of the 
Biévre near Paris contain 13:6 of carbonate of 
lime, 25:1 of gypsum, 10°9 of chloride of calcium, 
and 1:2 of common salt; 100,000 parts of the 
water of the Arcueil contain 16°9 of carbonate of 
lime, 16°9 of gypsum, 11:0 of chloride of cal- 
cium, and 19 of common salt; 100,000 parts of 
the water of the spring of Roye at Lyons, con- 
tain 23°8 of carbonate of lime, traces of silica, 
1-4 of gypsum, 1:2 of common salt, and traces of 
nitrates and organic matter; 100,000 parts of 
the water of the Fountain Spring at Lyons con- 
tain 23'4 of carbonate of lime, traces of silica, 
17 of gypsum, 1:3 of chloride of calcium, traces 
of chloride of magnesium, 0°2 of common salt, 
and traces of organic matter; 100,000 parts of 
| the water of the Rhone at Lyons, in July, con- 
tain 10°0 of carbonate of lime, traces of silica, 0°6 
of gypsum, and traces of Epsom salt, of chloride 
of calcium, of chloride of magnesium, of common 
salt, and of organic matter; 100,000 parts of the 
water of the Rhone at Lyons, in February, con- 
tain 15:0 of carbonate of lime, 2:0 of gypsum, 
0-7 of Epsom salt, 0°7 of chloride of calcium, and 
traces of nitrate of lime, and of organic matter ; 
100,000 parts of the water of the spring of the 
Garden of Plants at Lyons contain 27:0 of car- 
bonate of lime, 25:2 of gypsum, 16°8 of carbonate 
of calcium, 1:6 of chloride of magnesium, 12°6 of 
common salt, 7°6 of nitrates, and traces of orga- 
nic matter; 100,000 parts of the water of the 
Lake of Geneva contain 7:2 of carbonate of lime, 
0°7 of carbonate of magnesia, 0°1 of silica, 2°6 of 
gypsum, 3°1 of Epsom salt, 0°9 of chloride of 
magnesium, and 0:6 of organic matter; 100,000 
parts of the water of the Arve, in August, con- 
tain 5:2 of carbonate of lime, 0°4 of carbonate of 
magnesia, 0-1 of silica, 3:2 of gypsum, 2°9 of Ep- 
som salt, 0°7 of chloride of magnesium, and 0:3 
of organic matter; 100,000 parts of the water of 
the Arve, in February, contain 8°3 of carbonate 
of lime, 1:2 of carbonate of magnesia, 0:2 of sili- 
ca, 6°5 of gypsum, 6:2 of Epsom salt, 1°5 of chlo- 
ride of magnesium, and 0°4 of organic matter ; 
100,000 parts of the water of the Loire near Or- 
625 
chloride of calcium, and traces of common salt ; 
100,000 parts of the water of the Loiret contain 
11:9 of carbonate of lime, 3°8 of gypsum, 10°2 of 
chloride of calcium, and 2°5 of common salt; and 
100,000 parts of the water of the Artesian Well 
at Grenelle, near Paris, contain 6'8 of carbonate 
of lime, 1°42 of carbonate of magnesia, 2°90 of bi- 
carbonate of potash, 1:2 of sulphate of potash, 
1:09 of chloride of potassium, 0°57 of silica, and 
0:24 of nitrogenous organic matter. All these 
are drinkable waters, and were analysed by some 
of the most distinguished chemists of Continen- 
tal EKurope,—Bouchardat, Boussingault, Dupas- 
quier, Tingry, Guindant, and Payen; and, of 
course, the drinkable waters of the streams and 
wells of Britain differ as widely as they in both 
the kinds and the proportions of their saline 
impregnations. 
Water which is quite or even grossly unsuita- 
ble to be drunk by human beings may be statedly 
drunk without any injury, or even with very sa- 
lubrious effects, by horses and cattle. See the 
articles Horse and Ponp. Even water so high- 
ly impregnated with saline matter as to contain 
upwards of one ounce of it in every four gallons 
may be constantly drunk by horses with perfect 
safety. A specimen not long ago analysed by 
Professor Johnston contained in every gallon 
78°42 grains of common salt with a little chloride 
of potassium, 4°18 of chloride of calcium, 3°53 of 
chloride of magnesium, 25°71 of gypsum, 15°44 of ~ 
carbonate of lime, 12°88 of carbonate of magne- 
sia, 0°48 of carbonate of iron, and 1:0 of silicate 
of soda; and some horses who had statedly drunk 
this water unexpectedly died, and were conjec- 
tured to have been injured by it, but proved on en- 
quiry to have fallen victims, quite independently 
of it, toan epizootic pleuro-pneumonia. In all ordi- 
nary watering of horses and cattle, however, some 
streams and ponds and springs may soon be ob- 
served by careful, keen-eyed practical men to 
comport better with health than others; and un- 
less they exist under circumstances which would 
involve the constant use of them in too much cost 
or trouble, such ought, of course, to be always 
preferred. Yet saline ingredients which are 
neither useful nor hurtful to cattle, but which 
constitute direct and valuable food of cultivated 
plants, or excessive quantities of such as are use- 
ful to cattle and at the same time constitute food 
of plants, exist so largely in some waters as to ren- 
der them highly preferable in the watering of 
cattle for sake of the ulterior enrichment of the 
farm-yard manure. “The waters which serve as 
drink to the cattle of a farm,” remarks Boussin- 
gault, “introduce into the dung-heap all the 
matters which are dissolved or held in suspen- 
sion. At Bechelbronn, for example, I find that 
more than 2 cwts. of alkaline salts get into the 
dung in this way every year. Whenafarmerhas | 
the choice of several waters for giving his cattle 
or irrigating his meadows, he will do well to se- 
lect that which is richest in alkaline salts, and 
> Ok 
leans contain 1'7 of carbonate of lime, 5:1 of 
| IV. 
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