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abounds in salicin, and may be used as a substi- 
tute for Peruvian bark. 
The golden willow, or yellow-branched willow, 
Salix vitellina, grows wild in the marshes of some 
parts of England, and of many parts of Conti- 
nental Hurope. It is a low deciduous tree, sel- 
dom attaining a height of more than from 15 to 
20 feet ; and it claims a place in ornamental plan- 
tations—not indeed for sake of any fine figure 
which it makes in summer—but on account of its 
smooth clear-yellow bark, which gives it a sin- 
gular and striking effect among other trees in 
winter. Its leaves are smooth and serrated; and 
its flowers appear from March till May. 
The sweet or sweet-scented or pentandrous 
willow, Salix pentandra, is a native of river banks 
in marshy and mountainous situations in many 
parts of Britain and of Continental Europe. It 
is a small deciduous tree; and commonly attains 
| a similar height to the golden willow; but is ca- 
_pable of becoming a large timber-tree. 
It de- 
lights in a very wet situation; and commonly 
blooms from March till June; but has been ob- 
served throwing off its seeds and covered all over 
the top with its white seminal down in the be- 
ginning of December. Its bark is brown and 
smooth. Its leaves are far broader than those of 
any other willow, and have a general resemblance 
to those of the bay tree; they are smooth and of 
a shining green colour above, of a paler green be- 
low, and serrated on the edges ; and they suffuse 
a delightful aromatic fragrance to a considerable 
distance after a shower, and plentifully emit it 
when bruised,—and for sake of this fragrance, 
_ the sweet willow deserves a place among orna- 
mental plantations, 
The triandrous willow, Salix triandra, inhabits 
river banks, wet woods, and similar situations in 
many parts of Britain, Switzerland, and Siberia. 
| Its stem is erect, and, when not repressed or da- 
maged, soars readily up to a height of 30 feet ; its 
| old bark peels off and falls toward autumn ; its 
large branches are broad and solid, and crack 
angularly asunder like those of the plane tree; its 
young branches are erect, long, smooth, brownish, 
leafy, tough, and pliant, but are somewhat brittle 
_ at the insertion ; its leaves are linear-oblong, ser- 
_ rated, smooth, and somewhat unequally sloping 
at the base ; and its flowers bloom from May till 
August. This species is cultivated in England 
for white basket-work ; and produces annual 
crops of tough, pliant, durable rods of 8 or 9 feet 
in length ; but it comprises several varieties,— 
one of which, called the French willow, is culti- 
| vated in the eastern and south-eastern counties, 
and is more slender than the normal plant, and 
not near so tall. 
The phylica-leaved willow, Sulix phylicifolia, 
grows wild in a dwarfish state in the Scottish 
Highlands, and was long ago introduced to Bri- 
tish collections with the habit of a small tree or 
tall shrub from the north of Sweden. It never 
at best attains so great a size as the triandrous 
WILLOW. 
willow. Its branches are numerous, flexible, 
tough, and serviceable for various purposes of the 
basket-makers ; its leaves are lanceolate, smooth, 
serrated, and undulated ; and its flowers grow in 
long catkins, and come out early in the spring 
from the sides of the branches, and soon afford a 
large quantity of down, which is wafted by the 
winds to a considerable distance. A variety of 
it occurs with broad leaves. 
The almond-leaved willow, Salix amygdalina, 
is a native of the marshy grounds of Britain and 
of most parts of Continental Hurope. It is a 
deciduous shrub, of commonly about 6 or 7 feet 
in height. Its branches are numerous, flexible, 
and tough, and are clothed with a light green 
bark; its leaves are lanceolate, pointed, serrated, 
smooth, eared at the base, and of a light green 
colour on both surfaces; and its flowers grow in 
oblong catkins, and appear in April and May, 
and: turn to a light down in the summer. The 
branches or shoots of one year’s growth are highly 
serviceable for basket-making; yet only those of 
what is called the old almond-leaved willow are 
well deserving of cultivation; for several varie- 
ties occur,—all of inferior value to the normal 
plant. 
banks of rivers in many parts of Britain and of 
the northern countries of Continental Europe. 
It is a small deciduous tree, and readily attains | 
a height of 15 or 18 feet. Its branches are up- 
right, and covered with a smooth brownish bark, 
but are very brittle and quite unfit for the uses 
of the basket-maker, and gave rise to both the 
popular and the botanic names of the species; 
its leaves stand on glandular footstalks, and are 
ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrated, smooth, green | 
on both surfaces, and from 3 to 5 inches long; 
and its flowers grow in long, slender catkins, with | 
| loosely disposed scales, and appear in April and 
| May. The bark ranks with that of the common 
| white willow as a good medicinal substitute for 
Peruvian bark. A variety called the almond- 
leaved crack willow has yellow-coloured bark, | 
and casts it every year. 
The goat willow, or great round-leaved willow, 
or common sallow, Salix capria, is a very abun- 
dant native of the woods of Britain and of most 
other parts of Europe. It delights in a dry rather - 
than a moist soil. It is a deciduous tree of me- 
dium size, and readily or usually attains a height | 
of about 30 or 35 feet. Its branches are cylin- 
drical, smooth, shining, and of a dark green and 
brownish colour; its shoots are pubescent; its _ 
leaves are alternate, petiolate, oval, waved, rough, 
indented at the top, smooth and dark green 
above, and veined and densely woolly below; and 
its flowers grow in very large catkins, and have 
a yellow colour, and appear in April and May, 
and are much frequented by bees on their first 
coming out of their hives. The bark serves, like 
that of the white and the crack willows, as a 
good medicinal substitute for Peruvian bark; the | 
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The crack willow, Salix fragilis, inhabits the | 
