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ZOOLOGY. 
Crass VI. Vermes (Worms). Characters as in 
V., except no antennx, but tentacula. 
He then subdivides the Mammalia into seven 
orders, the distinctions of which are taken from 
the difference in the number, form, and situation 
of the teeth, without, however, neglecting the 
feet. 
Orper 1. Primates. Four incisors in each jaw, 
and one canine.—GENERA: homo, simia, lemur, ves- 
pertilio. 
OrveER 2. Bruta. No incisors.—GENERA: rhi- 
noceros, elephas, trichechus, bradypus, myrmecophaga, 
manis, dasypus. 
Orver 3. Fere@. Six conical incisors in each 
jaw, for the most part.—GENERA: phoca, canis, fe- 
lis, viverra, mustela, ursus, didelphis, talpa, sorez, 
- erinaceus. 
OrveER 4. Gilires. Two incisors in each jaw; no 
canines. GENERA: hystrix, lepus, castor, mus, sciu- 
rus, myoxrus, cavia, arctomys, dipus, hyraz. 
OrpER 5. Pecora. No fore-teeth in the upper 
jaw; six or eight in the under.—GENERA: camelus, 
moschus, giraffa. cervus, antilope, capra, ovis, bos. 
Orper 6. Bellue. Obtuse fore-teeth in each 
jaw.—GENERA: equus, hippopotamus, sus, tapir. 
OrpER 7. Cete. Nouniform character of teeth; 
aquatic pectoral fins; spiracula.__GENERA: monodon, 
balena, physeter, delphinus. 
The other classes are subdivided in a similar 
manner. We shall enumerate only the orders. 
The distinctions of the Aves are taken chiefly 
from the beak ; but the tongue, nostrils, feet, and 
other parts, are sometimes called in. 
OrvDER 1. Accipitres. 
2. Price. 
See ANSCTESH 
See AanGralle: 
5. Galline. 
- 6. Passeres. 
(See OrniTHOLoey.) 
The Amphibia are divided into two orders. 
OrpverR 1. Reptilia. Furnished with feet, and 
breathing through the mouth. (See Repries.) 
ORDER 2. Serpentes. Destitute of feet, and 
breathing through the mouth. 
The fourth class, Pisces, is subdivided into six 
orders, the characters of which are taken from 
the belly-fins. 
OrpER 1. Apodes. No ventral fins; embraces 
the eel kind, torpedo, &e. 
OrDER 2. Jugulares. Ventral fins placed before 
the pectoral; cod, blenny, &e. 
OrpER 3. Thoracici. Ventral fins under the 
pectoral; sucking-fish, goby, plaice, doree, &c., 
OrvER 4. Abdominales. Ventral fins placed be- 
hind the pectoral; skate, salmon, pike, &c. 
OrveR 5. Branchiostegi. Gills destitute of long 
rays; sun-fish, pipe fish. &e. 
Orver 6. Chondropterygii. Cartilaginous gills; 
lamprey, ray, shark, &c. 
The fifth class, that of Insects, is divided into 
seven orders, the characters of which are mostly 
taken from the differences observed in the num- 
ber and texture of the wings. 
OrvDER 1. Coleoptera. 
2. Hemiptera. 
——— 3. Lepidoptera. 
——— 4. Neuroptera. 
795 
ORDER 5, Hymenoptera. 
6 Diptera. 
7. Aptera. 
The sixth class, Vermes, is subdivided into five 
orders. 
OrvDER 1. Jnéestina. 
2. Mollusca. 
3. Testacea. 
—— 4. Zoophyta. 
- 9. Infusoria. 
The arrangement of Linnzus, with all its ad- 
vantages, had its defects. By confining himself 
too much to one kind of character, he often 
throws together subjects widely remote in their 
general appearance and economy ; but he has car- 
ried the art of distribution, and the management 
of characters, to such a degree of clearness and 
brevity, that any person familiarized to his lan- 
guage may easily find the name and place of any 
being he wishes to observe. It still remained a 
desideratum to arrange the facts, of which the 
science treats, in a series of propositions, so gra- 
duated and successively subordinate, that the 
whole might represent the actual relations of 
living beings. For this purpose, it was necessary 
to group animals according to their different pro- 
perties or organizations, so that those contained 
in such a group should bear a stronger natural 
resemblance to each other than to any individual 
of a different group. This arrangement is termed 
the natural method, for the formation of which 
zoology offers great facilities. In the arrange- 
ment of Cuvier, the completest and most scientific 
yet presented to the world, the great division of 
the animal world rests on the nervous and sen- 
sorial, and not on the circulatory and respiratory 
systems. From the study of the physiology of 
the natural classes of vertebrated animals, Cuvier 
discovered the respective quantity of respiration, 
the reason of the quantity or degree of motion, 
and, consequently, the peculiar nature of that 
motion. This last gives rise to the peculiar form 
of their skeletons and muscles; and with it the 
energy of their sensations, and the force of their 
digestion, are in a necessary relation. Thus zoo- 
logical arrangement, which had hitherto rested 
on observation alone, assumed a truly scientific 
form. Calling in the aid of comparative ana- 
tomy, it involves propositions applicable to new 
cases, and thus becomes a means of discovery as 
well as a register of facts; and, by correct rea- | 
soning, founded on copious induction, it partakes 
of the demonstration of mathematics, and the 
certainty of experimental knowledge. Having 
examined the modifications which take place in 
the organs of circulation, respiration and sensa- 
tion in the invertebrated animals (a title first 
given by Lamarck, instead of the erroneous one 
of white-blooded animals, by which they were pre- 
viously distinguished), Cuvier has formed a new 
division, in which these animals are arranged 
according to their actual relations. The follow- 
ing is a view of the system as exhibited in the 
