| farms, the sailing of vessels, &c. 
' notification. 
46 ADVERTISEMENT. 
substances. Ifa few drops of nitrate or muriate 
of barytes be let fall upon a watery paste of bread 
containing alum, a white heavy powder will be 
disengaged, and thrown down as a precipitate. 
If a breakfast knife heated nearly to redness be 
thrust into a new genuine loaf, and immediately 
drawn out, it will be very nearly clean; but if 
thrust into a new loaf containing a mixture of 
potato-starch, it will, when drawn out, be thickly 
skinned or covered with feculee.—Babbage on the 
Economy of Machinery and Manufactures.—Thom- 
son’s Vegetable Chemistry.—Ure’s Dictionary of the 
Arts—Accum on Adulterations of Food. 
ADVERTISEMENT. A term generally ap- 
plied to any specific intimation in the news- 
papers, or by handbills or placards, with respect 
to sales, bankruptcies, the exercise of statutory 
rights, the publication of books, the leasing of 
Public notifi- 
cations of this kind are necessary, under various 
statutes, in the cases therein prescribed ; and 
the neglect of such public advertising is fatal to 
the progress of the measure contemplated. Some 
advertisements, such as those of public carriers, 
ship and canal companies, being of the nature of 
offers, are completed as regular contracts by the 
delivery of goods for transmission in terms of the 
A duty to Government of 3s. 6d. 
was formerly chargeable upon every advertise- 
ment published in any newspaper or periodical 
work ; but this duty was, by 3° and 4° Will. IV., 
| cap. 23 (June 28, 1833), reduced to 1s. 6d. in 
Great Britain, and 1s.in Ireland. This duty pro- 
duced as under, in 1840—1843, 
1840. 1841. 1842, 1843. 
England, £106,904 107,527 103,386 105,172 
Scotland, 14,518 14,217 13,671 13,668 
Ireland, 10,167 9,859 9,320 8,990 
ADVOWSON. A term used in England, to 
denote the right of presenting to a vacant living 
in the church, synonymous with the word patron- 
age which is used in Scotland, The bishop had 
originally the right of nominating to all vacant 
benefices ; but when the opulence and piety of 
some individuals prompted them to become the 
founders of churches, the bishops willingly per- 
mitted them to appoint persons to officiate, re- 
serving to themselves the right of judging of 
their qualifications for the office. An advowson 
is said to be presentative, when the patron pre- 
sents a person to the bishop to be instituted in 
the living. It is said to be collative, when the 
bishop presents, either as original patron, or from 
a right devolved upon him by the negligence of 
the patron in presenting at a proper time ; and 
it is said to be donative, when the patron by a 
single donation in writing, puts the presentee in 
possession, without presentation, institution, or 
induction. 
ADZE. An edge-tool of the axe kind, but with 
its edge placed at right angles to the handle. It 
is much used by coopers and carpenters ; and 
ought to have a place in the tool-room of a farm. 
LECIDIUM. 
AKCIDIUM. A genus of minute parasitical 
fungi, of the hypodermii division of the euto- 
phyti class. About seventy-five species have 
been described by botanists; and nearly one- 
half of these are found on plants growing in Great 
Britain. A number of the species infest several 
valuable plants, and produce some kinds of the 
disease popularly called mildew. ‘Twenty species 
may be seen figured on pp. 1044—1046 of Lou- 
don’s Encyclopedia of Plants, and thirty-three 
species are noticed in the last edition (1839) of 
his Hortus Britannicus. The fungi of the genus 
Afcidium, and those of the allied genera Uvredo 
and Puccinia are formed in the interior of the 
stems or leaves of plants, and protrude them- || 
selves thence to the exterior when ripe; and they 
are far more fatal in their presence and effects 
than either the class of fungi which attack only | 
the roots of plants, or the class which lie or grow 
on the surface of leaves, and which probably de- 
rive their chief nourishment from the atmosphere. 
The Atcidia, however, have very generally been 
confounded with the two allied genera, particu- 
larly with the Puccinia; and as they really at- 
tack different kinds of plants from these, and 
produce distinctively different effects, they re- 
quire to be carefully distinguished. 
The Zeidium pint is found on pine trees. When 
seen through a magnifying glass, it has the ap- 
pearance of a number of nine pins ; and when it 
is ripe, it bursts its cuticle, and emits a bright | 
orange-coloured powder, consisting of its spores — 
or granulary embryos of future plants——Another | 
eecidium, popularly called the pepper brand, in- | 
fests barley, and sometimes occasions great loss 
to the farmer ; it gradually consumes the sub- 
stance of the grain, and deposits in its place a 
dark-coloured and offensively-flavoured powder ; 
and it decidedly differs from the Uredo segetum, 
which produces what is called smut, and infests 
not barley only, but also oats and wheat.—The 
Acidium berberidis infests the berberry tree, and 
has very generally but quite erroneously been 
supposed to be communicated thence to corn. 
When seen through a magnifying glass, it appears 
to consist of a number of small orange-coloured 
cups, with white films over each ; and when ripe, 
the films or lids burst, the interior of the cups is 
seen to be occupied with a number of little boxes 
or compartments containing spores, and the tops 
of the cups assume a ragged or uneven appearance. 
The strong apprehension which multitudes of 
farmers entertain of mildew being communicated 
from the berberry to corn, arises from the vulgar 
error of confounding the Zeidiwm berberidis with 
the Puccinia graminis. . 
The Acidium cancellatum infests pear-trees, is 
a most destructive fungus, and has occasioned 
much speculation among gardeners and natural- 
ists. It first appears like mucus, but afterwards 
is found to consist of a number of hairy-looking 
substances; and these substances, when magni- 
fied, appear like a collection of bulbous granules, 
sea 
