82 
onometry, algebra, and arithmetic. The practical 
department of the institution, or that belonging 
to the lower school, appears to be far more de- 
sirably conducted than the scientific; and while 
the higher school has probably produced a race 
of agricultural pedants, and can hardly fail to 
imbue its pupils with the monstrous error of sub- 
stituting mere science and speculation for effec- 
tive knowledge, the lower school, even in spite of 
serious defect in,theoretic instruction, seems to 
have exerted a highly advantageous influence 
upon the agricultural condition of most of Wur- 
temberg. “The pupils of the lower school,” we 
are told, “rise to their work in summer at three 
o’clock, when they commence to feed and clean 
the cattle, groom the horses, remove the litter, 
&c., until about five o’clock; they then break- 
fast, and at half-past five take their station in 
the yard, whence they issue forth in a quiet and 
orderly but lively manner to their respective em- 
ployments, under the direction of the superin- 
tendent, with their teams of 24 oxen and 10 
horses. At eleven, there is a cessation of work, 
during half-an-hour for dinner; then succeeds 
the feeding of the cattle, and a new distribution 
of employments ; and work continues until seven. 
After supper, lessons are given ; in winter, school 
instruction is also afforded in the course of the 
day. The beneficial results of this system are 
widely diffused through Wurtemberg; and the 
peasantry are everywhere found an enlightened 
class, always ready to give a clear and ready an- 
swer to any questions proposed regarding their 
agricultural practice.” , 
The celebrated institution of M. de Fellenberg 
at Hofwyl, in the canton of Berne in Switzerland, 
combines the various objects of a moral, scientific, 
and general education, and subordinates them 
partly to the purposes of general industry, and in 
a main degree to the pursuits of agriculture, It 
comprises extensive buildings for instruction and 
residence ; a farm of 170 or 250 acres, for experi- 
mental and industrial labour in farming; facili- 
ties and appliances for instruction and experiment 
in various departments of handicraft ; and an ex- 
ceedingly numerous corps of tutors and profes- 
sors, so selected, qualified, and classified as to 
communicate all the details of instruction by the 
easy and agreeable method of mere oral teaching. 
All the pupils remain during nine years, or till 
they attain the age of twenty-one; and all un- 
dergo constant training in habits of industry, 
frugality, docility, veracity, mutual kindness, and 
general morality. But they are divided into two 
great classes,—the higher, or boys who anticipate 
the spending of their life in affluence,—and the 
lower, or boys who anticipate the necessity of 
self-support throughout a lifetime of active la- 
bour. Pupils of the higher class pay rather hand- 
somely for their education,—especially if they are 
not natives of the canton of Berne; and during 
the first three years, they are taught the Greek 
language, Grecian history, and the sciences of 
AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. 
“| 
mineralogy, botany, and zoology; during the 
second three years, the Latin language, Roman. 
history, and the geography of the Roman empire ; 
during the last three years, modern languages, 
modern literature, modern history, general geo- 
graphy, chemistry, and natural philosophy; and 
during the whole nine years, mathematics, draw- 
ing, music, and gymnastic exercises. The lower 
class of pupils are distributed into three divisions 
according to their age and strength; and they 
spend the whole of their time in working, learn- 
ing, and making progress in the acquisition of 
healthy and useful habits. The pupils of the first 
division receive half-an-hour’s instruction in the 
morning, then breakfast, then work on the farm 
till noon, then spend an hour at dinner, then re- 
ceive an hour’s instruction, and then work on 
the farm till six o’clock in the evening; and, 
during the wintry portion of the year when farm 
labours are few and brief, they plait straw and 
rushes, make baskets, saw and split timber, knit 
stockings, grind colours, and thrash and winnow 
corn; and any of the lower class whatever who 
have a wish to acquire a knowledge of artificer- 
ship, receive practical instructions in the crafts 
of the shoemaker, the tailor, the smith, the wheel- 
wright, or the carpenter. Each pupil of the lower 
class, on the average, contributes to the establish- 
ment in labour and otherwise to the value of be- 
tween £59 and £60; and hecosts, for maintenance, 
instruction, and all other items, about £56. The 
pupils of the higher class, on completing their 
course, are usually found to be well conducted and 
very intelligent ; and those of the lower class, to be 
as well behaved, as temperate, and as hardworking 
as the choicest of the general body of the peasan- 
try, and far superior to them in agricultural skill, 
artificer’s tact, practical wisdom, and many de- 
partments of useful and general knowledge. The 
school-rooms, the extensive accommodations, and 
the numerous staff of tutors for the higher class 
of pupils, and the farm, the workshops, and the 
practical instructors for the lower class, consti- 
tute two grand departments of educational me- 
chanism which possess fine coherence, afford a 
large amount of mutual support, and lay deep 
foundations for the reciprocal working, through- 
out life, of the principles respectively of landlord 
and tenant, or of gentleman and artificer. “The 
farm,” says a writer in the ‘ Edinburgh Review,’ 
“is undoubtedly benefited by the institution, 
which affords a ready market for its produce, and 
perhaps by the low price at which the labour of 
the boys is charged. But the farm, on the other 
hand, affords regular employment to the boys, 
and also enables M. de Fellenberg to receive his 
richer pupils at a lower price than he could other- 
wise do. Hofwyl, in short, is a great whole, 
where 120 or 130 pupils, more than 50 masters 
and proféssors, as many servants, and a number 
of day-labourers, 6 or 8 families of artificers and 
tradesmen, altogether about 300 persons, find a 
plentiful and, in many respects, a luxurious sub- 
