172 
or accompaniment of anbury in turnips is the 
curculio pleurostigma of Mr. Marsham’s Hntomo- 
logia Britannica, the curculio sulcicollis of Pay- 
kull’s Fauna Svecica, the curculio affinis of Pan- 
zer’s Faunz Insectorum Germanice, the rhyn- 
cheenus sulcicollis of Gyllenhal’s Insecta Svecica 
Descripta, the falciger sulcicollis of Dejean’s Ca- 
talogue des Coleopteres, and the cryptorhynchus 
alanda of Germar’s Insectorum Species Novee. 
Mr. Marsham describes it as a coleopterous in- 
sect, one line and two-thirds in length, of a dusky 
black colour, and its breast spotted with white. 
Mr. Kirby, in Kirby and Spence’s Introduction 
to Entomology, says, “I have bred this species of 
weevil from the knob-like galls on turnips, called 
the anbury, and I have little doubt that the same 
insects, or a species allied to them, cause the 
clubbing of the roots of cabbages. Mr. Sinclair 
also says, that, in its head, mandibles, jaws, &c., 
the larva of the turnip anbury is similar to the 
larvee which live on the root of cauliflower, broc- 
coli, and other varieties of brassica, and he ob- 
serves that however many may be the larvee in- 
habiting a single root, each individual occupies a 
distinct cell; yet he states that it appears to him 
to be a species of the cynips of Linnzeus, and the 
diploleparize of Leach, Geoffroy, &c.” But Mr. 
Sinclair probably confounded, to some extent, the 
galls which sometimes grow on the bulbs of tur- 
nips with the anbury which grows upon the roots. 
The galls on the bulbs may readily enough be 
mistaken for a mild form of anbury, though they 
are a very different disease, having a different 
seat, appearing at a much later period, and pos- 
sessing a far less pernicious character ; and these 
certainly are occasioned by a cynips or gall-fly, 
and, when opened, will be found to contain a yel- 
lowish maggot, of quite different appearance and 
size from that of the anbury larva. The principal 
mischief of the galls upon the bulbs of turnips, is 
| an exposure of the interior to moisture and the 
frosts of winter, and the consequent superinduc- 
tion of an earlier decay than in healthy turnips. 
Anbury does not arise from any imperfection 
or peculiarity in the seeds of turnips. If two 
crops grow, in adjoining fields, from the same 
seed, the one may be much diseased and the other 
altogether healthy; and even when anbury at- 
tacks any one field, it very frequently makes but 
partial devastations, or appears only in small and 
isolated patches. Nor does anbury arise from any 
unfavourableness in the time of sowing, or from 
unpropitiousness of weather during the growth of 
the crop; for, if it did, it might be expected to 
make somewhat uniform and nearly simultaneous 
| attacks in all districts of similar soil and charac- 
ter, and similarly affected by the supposed un- 
suitableness of meteorological circumstances to 
sowing and early growth; yet it is found to be 
both partial and capricious in its attacks upon 
some districts, occasionally very violent in a few, 
_ and either exceedingly slight or altogether un- 
known in many. Neither is anbury occasioned 
ANBURY. 
by any peculiarity in the composition or chemi- 
cal action of soil; for it occurs, in the same dis- 
trict, upon soils of very widely different and 
almost contrasted character, and, in the same 
field, appears at uncertain intervals, or in one 
year totally disappears and in another breaks out 
and spreads with virulence. Anbury, when once 
known in any district, is most likely to appear in 
fields which have been frequently cropped with 
turnips or which have quite recently produced 
either turnips or cabbage; yet it arises on such 
fields, only from the presence of the insect which 
feeds upon it, and not from any “tiring” or ex- 
crementitious poisoning of the soil by turnip 
cropping ; for it often does not devastate more 
than mere patches of an old turnip field, and oc- 
casionally breaks out in fields which have not 
been previously cropped with turnips during 
many years or even within the memory of man. 
Farmers, therefore, may save themselves the an- 
noyance and expense of attending to any nostrums 
which assume the anbury to arise from any of 
these causes, or even to be stimulated by their 
action. Yet weather has so far an effect that 
drought provokes and aggravates the disease, and 
rain averts or mitigates it. Wet weather pro- 
motes the rapid growth of the turnip, so as to 
accelerate its arrival at a condition in which it 
ceases to be liable to the disease; 1t enables the 
turnip, when affected, to contend more sturdily, 
by means of a copious supply of moisture, against 
the injury inflicted by the larva; and it prevents 
the leaves of an infected plant from flagging, 
lessens their exhausting transpiration of watery 
particles, and occasions to be brought up, through 
the organism of the ascending sap, a more copious 
supply of nourishment from the soil. Stagnant 
water or sponginess of soil, however, will produce 
no such good effects; but will act in the same 
malign manner upon turnips as upon most other 
crops. A free and abundant circulation of mois- 
ture, such as occurs during showery weather upon 
a porous soil, operates most benignly on turnips 
in almost any circumstances,—and not less so 
when they are either menaced or attacked with 
anbury ; and this important remedy may, in most 
cases, be applied, during droughts, to small crops 
of turnips, such as those of the kitchen garden, 
by artificial waterings. 
Soot and charcoal dust, spread to the depth of | 
half an inch upon the surface of the land, and 
mixed with merely a thin superstratum of the 
soil, have been recommended as exterminators of 
anbury or preventives of its recurrence; and 
both are believed to operate on the double prin- 
ciple of finely divided carbon being offensive to 
insects and antagonistic of vegetable putrefac- 
tion, and the soot on the additional principle, 
that sulphur is very repugnant to insects. Marl 
also has been recommended as an exterminator; 
but whether chalky marl, clay marl, chalk and 
clay marl, chalk and silex marl, the calcareous 
marl of limestone alluvial, or the calcareous marl 
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