ANIMAL POWER. 
90 
pler in its application, more economical in its 
use, and more certain in its effect. In all cases, 
indeed, in which considerable velocity is required, 
the power of a horse may be principally or wholly 
exhausted in moving his own body, and, when 
the road is level and smooth, must necessarily 
be far inferior to the mechanical power of a steam- 
engine. But in every case in which great velo- 
city is not an object, and in which frequent 
though slight obstructions occur, the power of a 
horse possesses very decided advantages. He ad- 
mirably adapts himself to the peculiarities of his 
work, increases or diminishes his efforts accord- 
ing to the variations of his draught, rests and 
reinvigorates himself by relaxed exertion when 
his utmost strength is not needed, and makes 
extra-exertions or summons up his husbanded 
force when any impediment or obstruction is to 
be overcome. In fact, by his alternations of com- 
parative relaxation and comparative over-exer- 
tion, he probably expends more aggregate strength 
than when, as on a perfectly level railway and at 
an uniform rate of speed, he constantly uses his 
average degree of power; and if it be remembered 
that on most ordinary roads, obstructions and 
facilities occur in continual succession, and the 
rate of draught often varies in the proportion of 
six or eight to one, the horse’s accommodating 
faculty of alternating the degrees of his strength 
to the alternations in his draught will be seen, 
at a glance, to possess high value for the rugged 
labours of a farm, and such as, in the present 
condition of mechanical science, cannot be pro- 
fitably or almost possibly superseded by the steam- 
engine. The relative strength of horses, asses, 
and men, has been estimated as follows: 
1 horse is equal to 5 men, i yee 
1 ; j 7 men, Bossut, &e. 
| ess : 14 men, Schulze. 
1 ass 2 men, Bossut. 
2 horses, according to Amontons, exert a force 
of 150 pounds when yoked in a plough. 
1 horse, according to Desaguliers, can draw 
with a force of 200 lbs. 2} miles an hour, 
and continue this action for 8 hours every 
day. When he exerts a force of 240 
pounds, he can continue it only 6 hours 
every day. 
1 horse, by means of pumps, can, according to 
Mr. Smeaton, raise 250 hogsheads of water 
10 feet high in an hour. 
1 horse walking on a good road, and loaded 
with about 2 hundred weight, can travel 
25 miles in 7 or 8 hours, 
1 horse raising coals by means of a wheel and 
axle, and moving at the rate of about 2 
miles an hour, can, according to Mr. Fen- 
wick, raise a load of 1,000 pounds avoirdu- 
pois with a velocity of 13 feet per minute, 
and continue this for 12 hours. 
1 horse, according to the same author, can 
exert a force of 75 pounds, moving at the 
ANIMALCULE. 
rate of 13 feet per sornantts, and continue it 
for 95 hours. 
Actordins to Regnier, the mean draught of 4 
horses was 36 myriogrammes in 794 hours. 
1 horse can draw more up a steep hill than 
three men can carry; that is, from 450 to 
750 lbs. Desaguliers. 
1 strong horse can draw 2,000 lbs. in a cart, 
up a steep hill which is but short. Desa- 
guliers. 
1 horse has sometimes carried 650 or 700 Ibs. 
for 7 or 8 miles without resting, as its ordi- 
nary work. Desaguliers. 
1 horse at Stourbridge carried 11 hundred 
weight of iron, or 1,232 lbs. for eight miles. 
Desaguliers. 
1 mule works in the West Indies, 2 hours out 
of about 18, with a force of about 150 lbs. 
walking 3 feet in one second. Cazand. 
From Desaguliers’ measure of the force of a 
horse already given, it follows that its force is, 
Pounds. Foot. 
According to Desaguliers, 44,000 raised 1 in 1 min. 
According to Smeaton, 22,916 l inl 
According to Mr. Watt, 33,000. . 1 inl 
Mr. Watt’s steam-engines are, however, calcu- 
lated to work equal to 44,000 lbs. raised 1 foot 
per minute, as he considers the difference, or 
11,000 lbs. raised 1 foot per minute, to be lost in 
the friction, &c. of the engine itself. 
The power of one horse is supposed capable of 
driving 100 spindles with preparation of cotton 
water-twist, 1,000 spindles with preparation of 
cotton mule yarn, and 75 spindles with prepara- 
tion of flax yarn. 
The following are the results respecting horses 
given by M. Hachette: 
Daily action 
Useful 
measured by : 
ffect 
the draught Dynamical 
Kilog. Kilom. travelled. aS 
1. A eart-horse 140 x 40 5,000 
2. A post-horse 90 X 38 3,420 
3. A horse moving in a circle a 585 
working a pump, 5 
4, Id. working 12 hours, and a 1,684 849, 
ing plaster, é 
5, Mean of three horses ve 1,185 595 
at a pump, 
6. Mean of 8 horses raising water ? 2,948 675 
by a pump, 5 
7. Two horses raising coals, 1,560 
8. A horse drawing a load of Doubtful. 
150,000 kilogrammes ro 800 
8 kilometres, 
9. The force of a horse ¢ ae 24 
hours, is equal to t 5,974 dynam.units, 
See articles Dravcur, Force, Friction, Horse, 
and STraAmM-ENGINE. . 
ANIMALCULE. In its literal and general 
sense, this term signifies a very small animal; 
but it is commonly used to denote one so minute 
that its form and parts cannot be distinguished 
without the aid of a microscope. Linnezeus placed 
these minute animals in a genus which he de- 
nominated chaos, in the last order of his class 
