218 APPLE-BERRY. 
and devilment, he ought to have always a cool 
diet, and to be allowed ample scope for sobering 
himself by free exercise and exuberant frolics in 
the field. “ Let these sort of horses run abroad,” 
says Gibson, “especially where they have stables 
and warm ranges, to keep them from the inclem- 
ency of the weather in winter; for they are al- 
ways tender, being, for the most part, extremely 
thin-skinned, and their blood of a thin texture, 
and easily put in motion. For the same reason, 
the best way, in summer, is to bring them up in 
the day time, and only let them run abroad in 
the night, they being more hunted with the flies 
than any other, which keeps them continually 
| upon the fret, and hinders them from thriving. 
When such horses live till they are full aged, 
their heat and fieriness often abate, so that they 
| grow more useful; but while they are young, 
they are more subject to inward imposthumations 
than horses of a cooler temperament; and these 
often kill them suddenly, or bring them into 
_ lingering consumptive maladies, which in some 
| measure may be prevented by the above method.” 
Voracity of appetite in its worst forms, is 
| known to farmers and veterinary surgeons un- 
_ der the name of Four-Frxrprve: see that article. 
But this disease, as it occurs in other domestic 
animals than the horse, is comparatively rare, 
and scarcely ever assumes any unpleasant ap- 
| pearance which may not be removed by slight 
alterations or the mere regulation of diet. Buta 
| remarkable instance is on record—and may pro- 
| bably be but a specimen of occasionally occur- 
| ring instances —in which constitutional and 
| incurable voracity in the cow was caused by 
| malformation of the manyplies. Two cows were 
observed, throughout their lifetime, to eat always 
| more food than other cows, and sometimes so 
_ much as double, or even treble, and yet never to 
_ become fatter than other cows, or to yield as 
| good or as much milk; and, when they were 
slaughtered, the internal surface of the many- 
plies of the one displayed rugze not so long asa 
man’s finger, and that of the manyplies of the 
| other displayed corrugations even less strongly 
remarked. The animals were thus so constituted 
that they could not more than half digest their 
food,.so that they were compelled to eat double 
the normal quantity in order to obtain sufficient 
nourishment for their continuing in health— 
Grbson on the Diseases of Horses. — The Veteri- 
narian. — The Society of Gentlemen's Complete 
Farmer. 
APPLE. See Appre-TRez. 
APPLE - BERRY, — botanically Billardiera. 
_ Asmall genus of evergreen, climbing, greenhouse 
_ plants, of the Pittosporum tribe. Two species 
| from New South Wales grow to the height of re- 
spectively 8 and 12 feet; and two from Van Die- 
men’s Land, to the height of 8 and 20 feet. The 
blue-berried tallest species grows rapidly, flowers 
abundantly, and produces a handsome show of 
fine blue berries ; and all the species, but parti- 
Pita Ee 
APPLE-TREE. 
cularly this one, are very desirable climbers for a 
conservatory. 
APPLE-BLIGHT. See Antuonomus and 
APHIS. 
APPLE - TREE, —botanically Pyrus malus. 
The most popular fruit-tree of the British Islands, 
producing blossoms of the rosaceous order, and 
fleshy, succulent, subacid, saccharine fruits which 
form the type of the pomaceous group. In its 
wild state it 1s the common crab-tree, grows in 
the woods of Britain, attains a height of twenty 
feet, blossoms in the months of April and May, 
usually lives to a great age, and affords valuable 
timber for the turner, the mill-wright, and the 
cabinet-maker. In its cultivated state, it has 
sported itself and been artificially hybridized into 
such a profusion of varieties as almost defies 
minute enumeration; and at the same time has 
so totally relinquished its indigenous character, 
and so thoroughly combined itself with two or 
three other natural species, as to have become a 
perfect puzzle to any ordinary botanist. Even 
the most natural or least changed varieties of the 
apple, though botanically identical with the crab, 
can never be obtained from the latter’s pips or 
pomes, and many of the most hybrid varieties may 
easily be seen to possess a considerably remoter bo- 
tanical relationship to the crab than to some other 
natural species. Botanists usually enumerate 
six natural species of the apple kind,—Pyrus 
malus, or the crab-tree of Britain; Pyrus specta- 
bilis, or the apple-tree of China, introduced to 
Britain in 1780; Pyrus prunzfolia, or the crab- 
tree of Siberia, introduced in 1758; Pyrus coron- 
aria, or the sweet-scented crab, a native of Vir- 
ginia, and introduced to Britain in 1724; Pyrus 
baccata, or the small-fruited crab-tree, a native of 
Siberia, and introduced in 1784; and Pyrus angus- 
tefolia, or the narrow-leaved crab-tree, a native 
of North America, and introduced in 1750. ‘The 
three last of these species, however, are rather 
ornamental plants than fruit-trees; the small- 
fruited species attains the height of 15 feet; and | 
all the other species 20 feet; the British crab- 
tree bears white blossoms, and all the other spe- 
cies bear pink blossoms. 
its varieties produce much more brilliant blos- 
soms, and have a much more handsome outline, 
than the strictly fruit-tree species. 
Cultivators, whether nurserymen or gardeners, 
usually resolve all existing varieties of apple-tree 
into the British crab, the wild crab of Virginia, 
the dwarf or paradise apple, and the fig-apple.— 
The British crab exhibits three varieties,—one 
bearing wholly whitish fruit, another bearing 
fruit which is purple toward the sun, and the 
third having variegated leaves ; but the varieties 
are not permanent, or are easily altered by culti- 
vation or special treatment. The crab-tree is 
very hardy and of long duration ; and it has ad- 
mirable properties as a stock for grafting fine 
varieties of apple-tree upon,—continuing long 
sound, not running into luxuriant growth, and 
The Siberian crab and | 
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