| 
\ 
222 
a large, fine fruit; its shape roundish; its colour 
a pale green, becoming a little yellowish when 
ripe, and having some small gray spots; and its 
flesh saccharine and juicy—The rennette grise is 
a middle-sized fruit; its shape like that of the 
golden rennet ; its colour a deep gray to the sun, 
intermixed with yellow to the shade; its flesh 
very juicy; and its flavour piquant.—The violet 
apple or pomme violette is a rather large fruit; 
its colour a pale green, striped with deep red to 
the sun; and its flavour saccharine and with a 
fragrance like that of sweet violets—The court- 
pendu is a very large apple; its shape oblong; its 
sides marked, from base to crown, with irregular 
risings or angles; its colour pale to the shade, 
and red to the sun; its foot-stalk long and slen- 
der, and its habit of growth uniformly pendulous, 
so as to have procured for it from the French 
gardeners its name of courtpendu.—The original 
codling and the original golden rennet are every- 
where known, and have been superlatively popu- 
larized by the several subvarieties of them which 
are in so general esteem.—The Margaret apple is 
a middle-sized fruit, and not so long as the ori- 
| ginal codling ; its colour a pale green to the shade, 
| and a faint red to the sun; its flesh firm ; and its 
flavour pleasantly piquant.——The Kentish fill- 
basket is a kind of codling, but larger in size and 
somewhat more elongated in shape than the nor- 
mal codling—Loan’s pearmain is a beautiful, 
middle-sized fruit ; its colour a beautiful red to- 
ward the sun, and a striping with red to the 
shade; and its flesh has a vinous flavour, but 
soon becomes mellow.—The quina apple isa small 
fruit, seldom larger than the golden pippin; its 
shape like that of the quina, especially toward 
the stalk; its colour russet toward the sun, and 
yellowish toward the shade.—The aromatic pip- 
pin is about the size of a nonpareil, but a little 
longer; its colour a bright russet toward the 
| sun; its flesh breaking ; and its flavour aromatic. 
| —The Hertfordshire or winter pearmain is a good- 
sized fruit ; its shape rather long than round; its 
colour a fine red toward the sun, and a striping 
with red toward the shade; and its flesh juicy 
and acidulated.—The Kentish pippin is a large 
and handsome fruit; its shape oblong; its colour 
pale green; its flesh breaking and juicy; and its 
flavour sharply acidulous——The Holland pippin 
is larger than the Kentish pippin; its shape more 
elongated ; its colour a darker green ; and its flesh 
firm and juicy—The monstrous rennet is a very 
large apple; its shape oblong; its colour red to 
the sun, and dark green to the shade; and its 
flesh liable to be very mellow.—The royal russet 
or leather-coat russet is a large fair fruit; its 
shape oblong, but broad toward the base; its 
colour russet like that of leather; and its flesh 
yellowish. The tree is tall, well-shaped, and an 
abundant bearer.—Wheeler’s russet is a middle- 
sized fruit; its shape round but flattened; its 
stalk slender; its colour a pale yellow to the 
shade, and a light russet to the sun; its flesh 
APPLE-TREE. 
firm and juicy; and its flavour very sharply aci- 
dulous.—Pile’s russet is not so large as Wheeler’s 
russet ; its shape oval; its colour a dark green to 
the shade, and a russet to the sun; its flesh very 
firm; and its flavour very sharply acidulous.— 
The nonpareil and the golden pippin, like the 
original codling and the golden rennet, are every- 
where known and universally approved, through 
the medium of their subvarieties—The haute- 
bonne used formerly to be often sold in the Eng- 
lish markets for the nonpareil; but it is a larger 
fruit than the latter, more inclining to yellow, 
brighter in the hue of its russet, not so flat in | 
shape, not so acidulous in flavour, earlier ripe, 
and sooner gone. 
North America has, for a considerable period, 
been celebrated for the great number and the 
surpassing richness of its varieties of apple-tree ; 
it could probably produce, from even its ill-culti- 
vated and almost natural orchards, a greater | 
number of thoroughly good varieties than are at 
present known in Great Britain; it is admitted 
all over Europe to excel the old world in the ag- | 
gregate excellence of both its apples and its 
peaches; and it has been regarded by some Euro- 
pean phytologists as “a grand laboratory of na- 
ture for the production of new ameliorated fruits,” 
or as possessing, in its soil or its climate or the 
joint influence of both, the power of progressively 
improving any variety of apple-tree through suc- 
cessive generations till it eventually attains a 
high degree of excellence. 
of great wealth in the quality and number of 
North American varieties of the apple-tree is cer- 
tain, the principles on which most phytologists | 
have hitherto attempted to account for it are un- | 
supported by observation and not very consistent 
with sound philosophy. All or very nearly all 
the kinds originally cultivated by the North 
American colonists were imported from Europe; 
some of the kinds most extensively cultivated 
and most highly approved at the present day 
were originally European ; and, in particular, the 
Spitzemberg apple of New York and the Baldwin | 
of Massachusetts, which are held in very great 
esteem, and have been extensively sent to Europe, 
were, in all probability, seedlings of the first gen- 
eration from good imported European varieties. 
Almost all the good apples of English America, 
from the earliest date of English possession, down 
to a considerable period after the date of Ame- 
rican independence, grew upon seedling-trees, 
raised from the pips or pomes of European varie- 
ties; and a large proportion of them upon seed- 
ling-trees of merely the first generation. The 
mode of propagation by budding and grafting 
was not known by peasants, farmers, and ordina- 
ry gardeners and orchardists; the establishment 
of nurseries, even in the sea-board districts of the 
New England states, was for a long time un- 
thought of; and, so late as at the commencement 
of the present century, three-fourths of all the 
fruit-bearing apple-trees in the United ed 
But while the fact | 
