BARDANA. 
328 
the confounding of these fungi. See the articles 
Aicipium, Puccinra, and Miupew. 
The marmalade of barberries has the reputa- 
tion of being, not only an agreeable condiment, 
but an excellent diuretic, and a cleanser of the 
stomach. The French call barberries and spinach 
the besoms of the stomach, les balais de (estomac. 
To make marmalade of barberries, wash and stone 
any quantity of the berries; boil them, with a 
quarter of a pint of water to each stone of the 
berries, in a clean and newly-tinned stewpan, till 
they are reduced to a mash; boil the mash till it 
acquires the thickness of a paste ; mix with this 
paste a well clarified syrup, prepared in the pro- 
portion of 14 pound of sugar and a pint of water 
to each pound of the berries; heat and stir the 
mixture up to a temperature immediately short 
of the boiling-point ; and finally decant the pre- 
paration into preserve-pots. Pickled barberries 
are prepared with a pickle in the proportions of 
a gallon of vinegar, four ounces of common salt, 
an ounce of powdered ginger, a little sliced horse- 
radish, a pound of refined sugar, and a pint of 
barberry juice boiled with a little salt and water. 
Inferior berries are used for making the barberry 
juice; and the best bunches of the best berries 
are used as the berries to be pickled. The root 
of the barberry contains about 17°6 per cent. of 
the yellow colouring matter called Jerberin, 
which is employed in staining Morocco leather. 
—Miller’s Dictionary. Quarterly Journal of Agri- 
culture—Transactions of the Highland Society.— 
Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of Hng- 
land.—Marshal’s Rural Economy of the Midland 
Counties.—Marshall’s Rural Economy of Norfolk. 
—The Farmer's Magazine. 
BARBS. See Barsets. 
BARDANA. ‘The woolly-headed burdock. It 
belongs to the thistle division of the composite 
tribe of plants, and was formerly called by botan- 
ists Bardana tomentosum, but is now included in 
the genus aretium. It isa biennial weed of the 
waste grounds of Britain, grows to the height of 
3 feet, and produces a purple flower in July and 
August. 
BARILLA. A mixed salt of soda, well known 
in commerce, and extensively used in the manu- 
facture of soap and glass. It is principally pre- 
pared by lixiviating the ashes of the plants Sal- 
sola soda and Salicornia herbacea ; and these plants 
are extensively cultivated for the preparation of it 
in the Spanish provinces of Vaiencia and Murcia. 
The purest barilla, though: chiefly consisting of 
carbonate of soda, and though well fitted for the 
manufacturing processes in which it is employed, 
always contains some proportion of sulphate of 
soda, sulphate of potash, chloride of sodium, and 
chloride of potash. The part which barilla might 
play in the practical applications of agricultural 
chemistry, is amply indicated by our articles on 
Ankattes and Asus. In 1842, the quantity of 
barilla and alkali imported into the United King- 
dom amounted to 43,300 cwts., whereof nearly , 
BARK. 
one-half was from Spain and the Balearic is- 
lands, 
BARK. The external coating of the stem, 
branches, and roots of plants. In endogenous or 
monocotyledonous plants, it is so persistent with 
the central portion of the stem that it cannot be 
separated except by a violent rupture of its own 
fabric and a laceration of the tissue immediately 
below it; but in exogenous herbaceous plants, it 
can always be separated by careful manipulation; 
and in exogenous woody plants, it every spring 
spontaneously separates its whole sheath from 
the enclosed wood of the previous year, and even- 
tually accumulates excrementitious layers or 
plate-like masses of dead matter on its own ex- 
terior. Hndogens achieve their growth solely by 
enlargements and elongations of the central por- 
tion of their stems, and hence their bark never 
shifts its position, and can experience no other | 
change in relation to the rest of the organism 
than mere increase of quantity; but lgneous 
exogens achieve their growth by annual deposits 
of woody matter on the exterior of their dura- 
men and annual deposits of cortical matter in 
the interior of their sheath, and hence their bark 
is organically forced to undergo an annual change 
of its position, and chemically subjected to an 
eventual constitutional change of its exterior 
portion, both by the outward pressure of the 
new deposits of wood and the intrinsic enlarge- 
ment of its own accessions of substance. 
Exogenous bark, such as that of all the hardy 
trees and shrubs of our climate, consists, as to its 
sound or living portions, of three distinct parts, 
—first, the liber or inner bark, which is situated | 
next the wood,—second, the cellular tissue or 
parenchyma, which has a fine green colour in the 
bark of the stem and branches, but is colourless 
in the bark of the root,—and, third, the epider- 
mis or outer bark, which constitutes the skin or 
really exterior covering of the whole plant. The 
liber of the first year consists of a layer of cellu- 
lar matter and a layer of woody matter, jointly 
constituting an annual cortical deposit; and 
the liber of future years consists of the aggre- 
gate number of cortical deposits, precisely cor- 
responding to the number of concentric deposits | 
of enclosed wood. Were not the formation of | 
the bark affected by a disturbing force, the suc- | 
cessive layers of the liber would be as regularly 
arranged and as strictly concentric as the succes- 
sive layers of the wood ; but in consequence of 
the strong and incessant lateral strain exerted 
upon it by the wood’s perpetual increase in dia- 
meter, it soon loses all trace of regularity, and be- 
comes a confused mass of cellular tissue and 
woody tubes. Yet the liber of some old plants 
can easily be peeled into layer after layer, and, 
in some rare instances, has been peeled into so 
many as one hundred and fifty layers; though 
its capability of being thus mechanically separ- 
ated into layers is probably occasioned less by 
the depositional mode of its formation, than by 
ee 
