390 
acre. Foot says the average produce is from 3} 
to 4 quarters per acre. In Kent, A. Young 
thinks, they probably exceed 4 quarters ; but in 
Suffolk he should not estimate them at more 
than 3; yet 5 or 6 are not uncommon.” 
Farm- Uses of the Bean.—Beans are better suited 
for feeding horses, and are more nutritious, than 
oats; and they ought, when thus used, to be split 
or bruised in a mill, and given in mixture with 
cut or chaffed hay or straw. When beans are 
given whole to horses, they are liable to be 
swallowed without proper mastication, and to 
cause indigestion and a laboured action of the 
lungs. Beans, given first whole, and afterwards 
ground, are very extensively employed in Eng- 
land for the fattening of hogs; and as they have 
a tendency to render the pork very firm and not 
sufficiently delicate, they are usually superseded, 
in the last stage of fattening, by barley meal. 
Bean meal is also well adapted to the fattening 
of exen, and renders their flesh better flavoured 
than oil-cake does; and when mixed with the 
drink of cows, it very materially increases their 
yield of milk. Millers in England allege that 
new or soft wheat will not grind without the 
mixture of a small quantity of beans; and they 
gencrally make this mixture far larger than even 
their own allegation asserts to be necessary. 
The adulteration of wheat-flour with beans is 
known to almost all flour-dealers and bakers ; it 
can easily be detected, and is usually allowed for, 
in wholesale purchases; and it in consequence 
imposes only on a few ignorant purchasers and 
on the retail consumers. 
In Scotland, beans are used, either whole or 
broken, and mixed with oats, for feeding farm- 
horses ; between the close of turnips and the 
commencement of pasture, for fattening cattle; 
and in districts where grain payments prevail, 
and where the ordinary household bread is made 
of barley meal mixed with pease meal or bean 
meal, for the partial payment of farm-servants. 
When bean meal is given to cattle, great care 
ought to be taken that each beast eat no more 
than its proper quota; for a master ox, if not 
restrained, may devour far more than his share, 
and may die of a surfeit.—Bean straw, especially 
when mixed with that of pease, is of great value 
as fodder for working-horses ; and, when well 
harvested, is reckoned very hearty feeding. But, 
in some working-horses, and in all riding-horses, 
this food is apt to produce extreme flatulence, 
colic pains, and a painful action of the lungs. 
Bean stubbles, if the crop have been properly 
cultivated and harvested, are of small value, 
and, when wheat follows, require to be speedily | 
ploughed in; yet, in some miserable instances, 
when very censurable cultivation occasions the 
ground to be matted with couch, knotgrass, 
and other vivacious weeds, these stubbles are 
apparently excellent pastures. 
Garden cultivation of the Bean.—Beans are 
sown in the open ground of the garden from Oc- 
tober till near the end of June; and when raised 
as a luxury for the tables of the rich, they are 
occasionally forced by artificial heat. They pre- 
fer, like field beans, a rather strong, rich, moist 
soil, yet will succeed in almost any kitchen-gar- 
den mould. The seeds should be dropt regularly 
into drills at three, four, or five inches distance 
from seed to seed, according to the comparative 
size of. the plants. The soil should be pressed 
firmly upon the seeds; as the plants advance, 
they should receive a little earthing up, and the 
spaces between the rows should be kept free 
from weeds; when the blossoms expand, the 
tops of the stems ought to be nipped off; and if 
the bean-dolphin should obtain complete posses- 
sion previous to the removal of the tops, the 
plants ought to be cut down to within five or six 
inches of the soil, and all the loppings carried 
away. The quantity of seed of the smaller early 
varieties, required for a row of eighty feet, is 
about a pint; and for the main crops, when the 
seeds are planted further apart, the quantity is 
proportionally less. 
The kind of bean sown in the various succes- 
sions, from the end of October to the end of Jan- 
uary, is the small early Mazagan. In the warmer 
counties of England and Ireland, this bean, for 
all these successions, may be sown in any shel- 
tered situation, which enjoys an exposure to the 
sun; but in the colder counties, and throughout 
Scotland, it ought to. be raised on a small warm 
seed-bed, and afterwards transplanted. The seed- 
bed may be about six feet square; the soil must be 
reduced to a fine powdery condition ; small drills 
must be made three inches asunder, two inches | 
deep, and very solid and even at the bottom; the 
seeds must be sown at distances of about three 
inches, and covered with fine soil, firmly pressed 
around them; the seed-bed must be protected | 
either by a frame and lights, or by an archwork 
of hoops covered with mats, or by some equally 
effective contrivance ; and the coverings must be 
removed in mild weather, and free airings other- 
wise given with all possible frequency. Open 
ground for the final growth of the plants must | 
be prepared by manuring, digging, and pulver- | 
izing; drills must be made in it, two feet apart, 
and sufficiently deep to receive the mass of roots; 
and in settled weather, in February, or early in 
March, the plants must be transplanted into 
these drills, the soil being brought into close 
contact with their fibres, and earthed up to the - 
height of two inches around their stems.—The 
long-pod varieties may be sown from the first 
week of February till the end of May, in drills 
three feet asunder, and two or three inches deep; 
and the other varieties, described in a former 
section of this article, may be sown in the order 
of their respective lateness of habit,—the Wind- 
sor varieties being usually selected for the main 
crop. 
Analysis of the Bean—The ashes of the bean, 
according to Buchner, contain 68°59 per cent. of 
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