BLOODSHOT EYE. 
| offered sixty guineas for this dog, which, how- 
ever, he refused. I saw this animal, in company 
with a young South American, who assured me 
of its being, as far as he could judge, a perfectly 
fine specimen. I saw also a smaller dog of the 
same breed in Edinburgh, in the possession of 
Mr. Charles MacKnight, son of the late Dr. Mac- 
Knight of that city. At that time I did not be- 
lieve Mr. MacKnight’s dog to be thoroughbred, 
in consequence of its diminutive size. I have 
since, however, seen one in Dublin, the property 
of Sir Philip Crampton, the surgeon-general, 
which is even less than it, and of the purity of 
whose blood I can hardly entertain a doubt. 
The surgeon-general’s dog is of a very light mouse 
or silvery-grey colour, and appears certainly far 
better bred than any of her offspring I have ever 
seen. I also saw two of this breed in London; 
they had been brought from Barbadoes, and were 
handsome animals.” 
BLOODSHOT EYE. The inflamed eye of an 
animal. A proper remedy is bathing with ano- 
dyne or cooling lotions,—for example, cold spring 
water, either by itself, or with aslight admixture 
of laudanum. 
BLOOD-SPAVIN. A dilatation of the vein 
which runs along the inside of the horse’s hock. 
It forms a little soft swelling in the hollow part, 
and frequently causes weakness or lameness of 
the limb. It may be bathed twice a-day with 
vinegar or verjuice; or it may be fomented with 
a decoction of oak-bark, pomegranate, and alum, 
basted in verjuice, and afterwards bound over 
with a flannel roller, soaked in the same prepar- 
ation. If these remedies fail, “the skin,” says 
Bartlet, “should be opened, and the vein tied 
with a crooked needle, and waxed thread passed 
underneath it, both above and below the swelling, 
and the turgid part suffered to digest away with 
the ligatures; for this purpose the wound may 
be daily dressed with turpentine, honey, and 
spirit of wine, incorporated together.” But this 
method of proposed cure by ligatures is now con- 
demned by all skilful veterinary surgeons ; and 
the ulterior methods at present practised are the 
same as for bog-spavin,—blistering and firing. 
See the article Bog-Spavrn, 
BLOOD-VESSELS. The tubes or vessels in 
which the blood circulates. They are divided 
into two classes,—arteries and veins,—which 
have two points of union or connexion—the first 
in the heart, from which they both originate, and 
the other in the minute vessels or net-work, in 
'| which they terminate. The arteries arise from 
| the heart, and convey the blood to all parts of 
the body; the veins return it to the heart. The 
arteries distribute throughout the body a pure, 
red blood, for the purposes of nourishment ; while 
the veins return to the heart a dark-coloured 
blood, more or less loaded with impurities, and 
deprived of some of its valuable properties. But 
this is not returned again to the body in the same 
state. For the heart is wisely divided into two 
BLOOD-VESSELS. 
portions or sides, a right and left, one of which 
receives the impure blood from the veins, and 
sends it to the lungs to be defecated and freshly 
supplied with oxygen or vital air, while the other 
receives the pure red blood from the lungs, and 
circulates it anew through the arteries. The ar- 
teries arise from the left ventricle of the heart, 
by one large trunk, nearly an inch in diameter, 
which is gradually subdivided into smaller ones, 
as it proceeds towards the limbs, till they termi- 
nate, at last, in vessels so small as to be almost 
invisible, and in a fine net-work of cells, extend- 
ing through the whole body, in which the blood 
is poured out, and nutrition or the increase of 
the body takes place, and from which the residue 
is taken up by the small veins, to be returned to 
the heart. The arteries and veins are widely 
different in their structure, as well as their uses. 
The former are composed of very strong, firm, 
elastic coats or membranes, which are four in 
number. The external covering and the internal 
lining of the arteries, although belonging to dif- 
ferent classes of membranes, are both very thin 
and soft. The second coat is very thick, tough, 
and elastic, being that which chiefly gives their 
peculiar appearance to the arteries. The third 
is formed of fibres, apparently muscular, arranged 
in circular rings around the tube of the vessels. 
It is well known that the pulse of the heart is 
felt in the arteries alone, although, in the bleed- 
ing of a vein, we sometimes see the blood start 
as if in unison with the beating of the heart. 
The pulse is produced by the wave or stream of 
blood, which is driven by the heart through the 
arteries, distending and slightly elevating them, 
after which they instantly contract from their 
elasticity, and thus force the blood into the 
smaller vessels. The pulse varies in its character 
with the general state of the health. When ar- 
teries are cut or wounded, the firmness of their 
coats prevents their closing, and hence arises the 
fatal nature of wounds of large vessels, which 
will remain open till they are tied up, or till 
death is produced.—The veins commence in 
small capillary tubes in every part of the body, 
and, by their gradual union, form large trunks, 
till they at last terminate in two (one ascending 
from the lower parts of the body, the other de- 
scending from the head and arms), which pour 
their contents into the heart. Their structure is 
much less firm than that of the arteries. They 
are very thin and soft, consisting of only two thin | 
The inner, or lining mem- | 
coats or membranes. 
brane, is frequently doubled into folds, forming 
valves, which nearly close the passage in the 
veins, and thus give very material support to the 
blood as it is moving up in them towards the 
heart. These valves are not found in the veins 
of the bowels, the lungs, or the head. The num- 
ber of the veins is much greater than that of the 
arteries, an artery being often accompanied by 
two veins. They differ also in this, that, while 
the arteries are deeply seated in the flesh, to guard 
