| any other substance. 
472 BONE. 
ginally, such as sulphate of soda, formed from the 
sulphur in the cartilage, and also alkaline car- 
bonates from the same source. The carbonate of 
lime of the bone loses also in this way most of its 
carbonic acid. The carbonic acid is combined in 
bones with the lime in the same proportion as in 
common carbonate of lime. 
The composition of bone freed from periosteum 
and fat, and dried by heat till they lose no more 
in weight, will be seen from the following table. 
Bone Bone 
of man. of oxen. 
Cartilage, 32°17 ; 
Wess, 11st BPG 
Basic phosphate of lime, with a small dU re. : 
quantity of fluoride of calcium, . § OU ONS 
Carbonate of lime, 11°30 3°85 
Phosphate of magnesia, : 1:16 2°05 
Soda with a little chloride of sodium, 1°20 3°45 
100°00 100-00 
Barras has determined the quantities of phos- 
phate and carbonate of lime in the bone-earth of 
different animals in 100 parts. 
Carb. lime to 
Phos. of lime. Carb. lime. 100 of phosph. 
Lion, 95:0 i 2°03 
Sheep, . . 80:0 19°3 4°12 
Chicken, §8°9 10°4 1-70 
Frog, 95:2 2°4 3°76 
Fishes, 91-9 53 2°52 
The bones of fishes contain less bone-earth, in 
proportion to their amount of organic matter, 
and are generally more flexible. 
Chevreul. Dumenil, 
Cranium of cod, Bones of pike. 
43-94 37°36 
- 47:96 59°26 
6-16 
Animal matter, = = = 
Phosphate of lime, = - 
Sulphate of lime, - - - 
Carbonate of lime, = = - 
Phosphate of magnesia, = i 
Sulphate of soda, - 
Soda with chloride of sodium, = 
Fluor. cale., silica, cunt oxide of 
iron, and loss, - 
Fluor. ‘eale. phos. of magnesia, and loss, 
100-00 100-00 
In cartilaginous fishes the skeleton consists of 
a peculiar animal matter, with no distinct bone- 
earth. The only chemical examination of this 
substance is by Chevreul, who examined the 
bones of Squalus peregrinus. This substance is 
translucent, of a bluish colour, flexible, very sec- 
tile, and may be cut into thin slices. In its che- 
mical behaviour it resembles mucus more than 
In warm water it swells 
up, becomes transparent and invisible, but it re- 
quires more than 1000 parts of boiling water for 
solution. The solution is not precipitated by an 
infusion of galls, and yields no jelly by evapora- 
tion. By long continued boiling, it is converted 
into a strongly gluing liquid, which does not 
gelatinize on cooling, but which is precipitated 
by a solution of tannin. In alcohol this substance 
shrivels up, while an oily fat is extracted. It is 
5:50 
2:00 
0-60 
easily dissolved in acids, especially in chlorohy- 
dric, and the solution is coagulated by tannin. It 
would be interesting to know whether this sub- 
stance do not form the cartilaginous portion of 
the bones of fishes properly so called. 
BONE-BLACK. 
Bones are of extensive use in the arts. 
for the manufacture of phosphorus. By boiling 
in water, a fat may be extracted from fresh bones, 
and by Papin’s digester their cartilaginous por- 
tion converted into a jelly, which, however, has 
not been found to answer the purpose of a whole- 
some sustenance. Bone-dust or ground bones 
are employed as a superior manure. 
the manufacture of glue. See Grnarry. 
BONE-BLACK. The-black carbonaceous resi- 
due obtained by the dry distillation of bones, or 
-by charring them by ignition in close vessels. 
This kind of animal charcoal is mainly used to 
deprive various solutions, as syrups, &c., of their | 
Another less extensive use is | 
colouring matters. 
as a black pigment. When prepared for this 
latter purpose, it generally receives the name of | 
wvory-black, under which name pulverized bone- 
black is often sold in the shops. The antiputres- 
cent and decolourizing properties of charcoal in 
general was first noticed by Lowitz. The first 
useful application of charcoal from wood to, the 
purification of syrups was made by Guillon. 
1811, Figuier of Montpellier showed that animal 
charcoal surpassed greatly vegetable charcoal in 
its decolourizing power, and in 1812 it was em- 
ployed by Derosnes for the purification of syrups, 
and sugar-refining. The manufacture of bone- | 
black is performed by two different systems of 
apparatus. If the object be to condense and col- 
lect at the same time the volatile products which 
escape in charring bones, this process is formed 
in retorts similar to those employed for the dis- 
tillation of coal in gas-works. When the opera- 
tion is finished, the bones are raked out while 
hot into receivers, which are covered air-tight 
till they are cool, and the retorts are immediately 
charged again with fresh bones. 
Where the object is merely the manufacture 
of bone-black, the charring is performed in cast- 
iron pots or cylinders, which are piled one on top 
of the other, the bottom of the upper one forming 
the cover of the next beneath it, the joints being 
luted with clay, and the uppermost pot being 
closed by a cover. 
After the dried and broken bones are filled 
into the pots, and these placed in the kiln and 
the door shut, the firing must at first be mode- 
rate, but afterwards raised and maintained at a 
brisk heat for 5 to 8 hours. The door of the ash- 
pit and the damper may now be nearly closed to | 
moderate the draught and keep up a steady ig- 
nition for 8 to 10 hours longer without additional 
firing, after which the doors must be all opened 
to cool the furnace. When this is done, the 
brickwork of the entrance door must be taken 
down, the kiln emptied and immediately filled 
again with a set of pots with fresh bones. The 
| pots which have been ignited may in the course 
im) 
their natural state, or dyed of various colours, 
they are made into handles and numerous arti- 
cles of turnery. Calcined bones are employed 
The carti- . 
laginous portion of bones is sometimes used for | 
In | 
